CNOR Exam- Zander Questions With Correct |
Latest 2026/2027
Question 1
The patient's desirable and measurable physiological and psychological
responses to nursing interventions are called:
A) Process Standards
B) Outcome Standards
C) Clinical Efficiency
D) Quality Improvement
Answer: B
Rationale: Outcome standards define the measurable physiological and
psychological responses that indicate the effectiveness of nursing interventions.
The common goal of standards is quality patient care, and patient outcomes are
an essential indicator of that quality. Alexander's Care of the Patient in Surgery
16th ed. Ch 1
Question 2
What is the wound classification for a vaginal hysterectomy?
A) Class 1
B) Class 2
C) Class 3
D) Class 4
Answer: B
Rationale: A vaginal hysterectomy is classified as Class 2 because there is
controlled entry into the genitourinary tract. Alexander's Care of the Patient in
Surgery 16th ed. Ch 9
,Question 3
A 19-year-old patient arrives to the OR within 2 hours of a traumatic open
Tib/Fib fracture for ORIF. What wound class is it?
A) Class 1
B) Class 2
C) Class 3
D) Class 4
Answer: C
Rationale: A fresh open trauma is classified as Contaminated (Class 3). A fresh
trauma is defined as one that is less than 4-6 hours old at the start of surgery.
Alexander's Care of the Patient in Surgery 16th ed. Ch 9
Question 4
Patients with one or more of Virchow's triad are at increased risk for:
A) Deep vein thrombosis
B) Hemorrhage
C) Surgical site infection
D) Respiratory distress
Answer: A
Rationale: Virchow's triad describes the three broad categories of factors that
contribute to thrombosis: hypercoagulability, hemodynamic changes (stasis,
turbulence), and endothelial injury/dysfunction. Patients with one or more of
these factors are at increased risk for DVT. Alexander's Care of the Patient in
Surgery 16th ed. Ch. 24
Question 5
, The Spaulding classification system is used to determine:
A) Appropriate methods to attain desired level of processing required for safety
in patient care items
B) Safety standards for safely administering and monitoring anesthesia care
C) Post-operative discharge criteria
D) Ideal pressurization for rubberized spherical items
Answer: A
Rationale: Earle Spaulding, a microbiologist, developed a classification system in
1968 to determine the appropriate method to attain the desired level of
processing required for safety in patient care items. This system was adopted
and later modified by the CDC. Berry and Kohn's Operating Room Technique
13th ed Ch 17
Question 6
Name the 3 Spaulding Classification Systems.
A) Critical, Semi-Critical, Non-Critical
B) High-Level, Intermediate, Low-Level
C) Sterile, Clean, Dirty
D) Emergency, Urgent, Elective
Answer: A
Rationale: The three Spaulding Classification Systems are Critical, Semi-Critical,
and Non-Critical. Critical items MUST be sterile and will enter sterile tissue or the
vascular system.
Question 7
Which of the following is an example of a Critical item under the Spaulding
classification system?
A) Blood pressure cuff
B) Urinary catheter
Latest 2026/2027
Question 1
The patient's desirable and measurable physiological and psychological
responses to nursing interventions are called:
A) Process Standards
B) Outcome Standards
C) Clinical Efficiency
D) Quality Improvement
Answer: B
Rationale: Outcome standards define the measurable physiological and
psychological responses that indicate the effectiveness of nursing interventions.
The common goal of standards is quality patient care, and patient outcomes are
an essential indicator of that quality. Alexander's Care of the Patient in Surgery
16th ed. Ch 1
Question 2
What is the wound classification for a vaginal hysterectomy?
A) Class 1
B) Class 2
C) Class 3
D) Class 4
Answer: B
Rationale: A vaginal hysterectomy is classified as Class 2 because there is
controlled entry into the genitourinary tract. Alexander's Care of the Patient in
Surgery 16th ed. Ch 9
,Question 3
A 19-year-old patient arrives to the OR within 2 hours of a traumatic open
Tib/Fib fracture for ORIF. What wound class is it?
A) Class 1
B) Class 2
C) Class 3
D) Class 4
Answer: C
Rationale: A fresh open trauma is classified as Contaminated (Class 3). A fresh
trauma is defined as one that is less than 4-6 hours old at the start of surgery.
Alexander's Care of the Patient in Surgery 16th ed. Ch 9
Question 4
Patients with one or more of Virchow's triad are at increased risk for:
A) Deep vein thrombosis
B) Hemorrhage
C) Surgical site infection
D) Respiratory distress
Answer: A
Rationale: Virchow's triad describes the three broad categories of factors that
contribute to thrombosis: hypercoagulability, hemodynamic changes (stasis,
turbulence), and endothelial injury/dysfunction. Patients with one or more of
these factors are at increased risk for DVT. Alexander's Care of the Patient in
Surgery 16th ed. Ch. 24
Question 5
, The Spaulding classification system is used to determine:
A) Appropriate methods to attain desired level of processing required for safety
in patient care items
B) Safety standards for safely administering and monitoring anesthesia care
C) Post-operative discharge criteria
D) Ideal pressurization for rubberized spherical items
Answer: A
Rationale: Earle Spaulding, a microbiologist, developed a classification system in
1968 to determine the appropriate method to attain the desired level of
processing required for safety in patient care items. This system was adopted
and later modified by the CDC. Berry and Kohn's Operating Room Technique
13th ed Ch 17
Question 6
Name the 3 Spaulding Classification Systems.
A) Critical, Semi-Critical, Non-Critical
B) High-Level, Intermediate, Low-Level
C) Sterile, Clean, Dirty
D) Emergency, Urgent, Elective
Answer: A
Rationale: The three Spaulding Classification Systems are Critical, Semi-Critical,
and Non-Critical. Critical items MUST be sterile and will enter sterile tissue or the
vascular system.
Question 7
Which of the following is an example of a Critical item under the Spaulding
classification system?
A) Blood pressure cuff
B) Urinary catheter
