COM 263 - Exam 1 ASU Questions With Multiple Choices 100% Pass

Social Science (Functionalist) - correct answers What is the research style that emphasizes the use of quantitative measures? Critical Approach - correct answers What approach emphasizes the power relations in intercultural interactions and the importance of social and historical contexts? Context - correct answers The critical approach of studying intercultural relationships encourages us to focus on the ________ in which relationships emerge. False - correct answers The earliest definition of culture used by scholars of ICC was broad, extending beyond nationality to include ethnicity, race and religion. True or False? Psychological - correct answers The discipline for the Social Science approach? Various - correct answers The discipline for the Critical approach? Anthropology, sociolinguistics - correct answers The discipline for the Interpretive approach? Interpretive Approach - correct answers Anthropology, sociolinguistics What approach emphasize using language to describe human behavior and how info is transferred Quantitative - correct answers What is the research method that use numerical indicators to capture and ascertain the relationships among variables? Collectivistic - correct answers What culture has the tendency to focus on the goals, needs, and views of the ingroup rather than individuals' own goals, needs, and views? Relational Learning - correct answers What kind of learning that comes from a particular relationship but generalizes to other contexts called? communication interactions between people who are culturally different, relation b/w culture and communication - correct answers intercultural communication solve communication problems, to be effective in achieving desired outcomes, globalization - correct answers Why study ICC? competent communication is interaction that is perceived as effective in fulfilling certain rewarding objectives in a way that is also appropriate to the context in which the interaction occurs - correct answers intercultural communication competence 1- unconscious incompetence 2- conscious incompetence 3- conscious competence 4- unconscious competence - correct answers What are the four levels of competence? 1- motivation 2- attitude 3- knowledge 4- behavior and skills - correct answers What are the four components of ICC competence? do unto others as they themselves would have done unto them - correct answers The platinum Rule 1- self-awareness imperative 2- demographic imperative 3- economic imperative 4- technological imperative 5- peace imperative 6- ethical imperative - correct answers six imperatives of ICC A tendency to think that our own culture is superior to other cultures. - correct answers ethnocentrism The characteristics of a population, especially as classified by race, ethnicity, age, sex, and income. - correct answers demographics Difference(s) in a group, culture, or population. - correct answers heterogeneous Similarity in a group, culture, or population - correct answers homogeneous the quality of being different - correct answers diversity People who come to a new country, region, or environment to settle more or less permanently - correct answers immigrants Using Anglo or white cultural standards as the criteria for interpretations and judgments of behaviors and attitudes. - correct answers Anglocentrism A metaphor that assumes that immigrants and cultural minorities will be assimilated into the U.S. majority culture, losing their original cultures. - correct answers melting pot Extremely patriotic to the point of being anti-immigrant. - correct answers nativistic true - correct answers "Some people are critical of the melting pot metaphor, not only because it does not explain the experiences of non-European immigrants, but also because it implies that immigrants should give up their unique cultural backgrounds to become white and American." companies that have operations in two or more nations - correct answers multinational corporation Assembly plants or factories (mainly of U.S. companies) established on the U.S.-Mexican border and using mainly Mexican labor. - correct answers maquiladoras A term coined by Marshall McLuhan in the 1960s that refers to a world in which communication technology unites people in remote parts of the world - correct answers global village Ethnic and/or national groups that are geographically dispersed throughout the world. - correct answers diasporic groups The way individuals make sense of their multiple images concerning the sense of self in different social contexts. - correct answers identity management The way individuals make sense of their multiple images concerning the sense of self in different social contexts. - correct answers cultural capital (1) The system by which groups with diverse languages, cultures, religions, and identities were united to form one state, usually by a European power; (2) the system by which a country maintains power over other countries or groups of people to exploit them economically, politically, and culturally. - correct answers colonialism Principles of conduct that help govern behaviors of individuals and groups - correct answers ethics true - correct answers "The extreme relativist position holds that any cultural behavior can be judged only within the cultural context in which it occurs." Focuses on the importance of dialogue in developing and maintaining relationships between individuals and communities" - correct answers dialogical approach A process of learning to understand oneself and one's position in society. - correct answers self-reflexivity being aware of one's cultural limitations and taking an "other-oriented approach" in intercultural encounters." - correct answers cultural humility involves increasing understanding of our own location in larger social, political, and historical contexts. - correct answers The self-awareness imperative includes the changing domestic and international migration—raising questions of class and religious diversity. - correct answers The demographic imperative highlights issues of globalization and the challenges for increased cultural understanding needed to reach the global market. - correct answers The economic imperative gives us increasing information and increased contact with people who are similar and different from us. Increased use of communication technology also raises questions about identity and access to these technologies. - correct answers The technological imperative involves working through issues of colonialism, economic disparities, and racial, ethnic, and religious differences. - correct answers The peace imperative calls for an understanding of the universalist, relativist, and dialogic approach to ethical issues. - correct answers The ethical imperative As an individual component of intercultural communication competence, the desire to make a commitment in relationships, to learn about the self and others, and to remain flexible. - correct answers motivation As an individual component of intercultural communication competence, the quality of knowing about oneself (i.e., one's strengths and weaknesses), others, and various aspects of communication. - correct answers knowledge Related to intercultural communication competence, the quality of knowing how one is perceived as a communicator, as well as one's strengths and weaknesses. - correct answers self-knowledge Related to intercultural communication competence, knowledge about how people from other cultures think and behave that will also help you be a more effective communicator. - correct answers other-knowledge Knowledge of other languages besides one's native language or of the difficulty of learning a second or third language. - correct answers linguistic knowledge An individual's dispositions or mental sets. As a component of intercultural communication competence, attitudes include tolerance for ambiguity, empathy, and nonjudgmentalism. - correct answers attitudes The ease with which an individual copes with situations in which a great deal is unknown. - correct answers tolerance for ambiguity The capacity to "walk in another person's shoes." - correct answers empathy Cross-cultural empathy. - correct answers transpection Free from evaluating according to one's own cultural frame of reference - correct answers nonjudgmentalism A device that helps us determine if we are communicating at a descriptive, interpretive, or evaluative level. Only descriptive statements are nonjudgmental. - correct answers D.I.E. exercise When one communicates without adapting their communication style and not thinking about why it may not be effective. - correct answers unconscious incompetence When one is aware that interaction is not going well, but doesn't understand why. - correct answers conscious incompetence When one is aware that interaction is going well and understands why. - correct answers conscious competence When interaction is going well, but one doesn't have to think about why, as the various aspects of intercultural communication are being used unconsciously. - correct answers unconscious competence A notion of ethically working with and through cultural differences and power inequities to achieve understanding, intercultural growth, mutuality, and social and global justice through critical self-transformation - correct answers cosmopolitan communication Bonds between individuals or groups across cultures characterized by a shared recognition of power and the impact of history and by an orientation of affirmation. - correct answers intercultural alliances Active engagement with communities to improve the lives of those in that particular group, by working together. - correct answers community engagement a framework that serves as a worldview of researches - correct answers paradigm interview and participant observation - correct answers method of research for the interpretive survey and experiment - correct answers method of research for social scientific textual analysis - correct answers method of research for critical 1- privilege-disadvantage 2- personal-contextual dialectic 3- history/past/present/future dialectic 4- cultural-individual dialectic 5- differences-similarities dialectic 6- static-dynamic dialectic - correct answers the 6 dialectics of ICC Underlying assumptions about the nature of reality and human behavior. - correct answers worldview established the Foreign Service Institute (FSI). The FSI, in turn, hired Edward T. Hall and other prominent anthropologists and linguists (including Ray Birdwhistell and George Trager) to develop "predeparture" courses for overseas workers. Because intercultural training materials were scarce, they developed their own. - correct answers foreign service act 1946 The study of how people use personal space. - correct answers proxemics The area, defined by physical space, within which people interact, according to Edward Hall's theory of proxemics. The four distance zones for individuals are intimate, personal, social, and public - correct answers distance zones Training people to become familiar with other cultural norms and to improve their interactions with people of different domestic and international cultures. - correct answers cross-cultural training The training meant to facilitate intercultural communication among various gender, ethnic, and racial groups in the United States. - correct answers diversity training The assumption that language shapes our ideas and guides our view of social reality. This hypothesis was proposed by Edward Sapir, a linguist, and his student, Benjamin Whorf, and represents the relativist view of language and perception. - correct answers Sapir-Whorf hypothesis The ability to behave effectively and appropriately in interacting across cultures - correct answers intercultural competence true - correct answers "The so-called scientific study of other peoples is never entirely separate from the culture in which the researchers are immersed." Integrating knowledge from different disciplines in conducting research and constructing theory. - correct answers interdisciplinary A framework that serves as the worldview of researchers. Different paradigms assume different interpretations of reality, human behavior, culture, and communication. - correct answers paradigm The process by which individuals select, organize, and interpret external and internal stimuli to create their view of the world. - correct answers perception (1) the social science (or functionalist) approach (2) the interpretive approach (3) the critical approach. - correct answers Three contemporary approaches to studying intercultural communication are: This research style emphasizes statistical measures. Understanding quantitative approaches is critical to analyzing data and statistics. These are skills important in any walk of life. - correct answers Social scientific emphasize using language to describe human behavior. Understanding interpretive approaches is important to understanding how news is reported, how information is transferred, and how most people make decisions. - correct answers Interpretive methodologies analyze the large power structures that guide everyday life. Understanding this approach helps students grasp the invisible forces that alter our lives. - correct answers Critical A study of intercultural communication, also called the social science approach, based on the assumptions that (1) there is a describable, external reality, (2) human behaviors are predictable, and (3) culture is a variable that can be measured. This approach aims to identify and explain cultural variations in communication and to predict future communication. - correct answers functionalist approach Research that use numerical indicators to capture and ascertain the relationships among variables. These methods use survey and observation. - correct answers quantitative methods A concept that varies by existing in different types or different amounts and that can be operationalized and measured. - correct answers variable The view that the reduction of anxiety and uncertainty plays an important role in successful intercultural communication, particularly when experiencing new cultures. - correct answers anxiety uncertainty management theory The view that cultural groups vary in preferences for conflict styles and face-saving strategies. - correct answers face negotiation theory The view that cultural groups vary in their fundamental concerns regarding how conversational messages should be constructed. - correct answers conversational constraints theory The view that individuals adjust their verbal communication to facilitate understanding. - correct answers communication accommodation theory The view that communication and relationships play important roles in how new ideas are adopted (or not) by individuals and groups. - correct answers diffusion of innovations theory The tendency to emphasize individual identities, beliefs, needs, goals, and views rather than those of the group. - correct answers individualistic The tendency to focus on the goals, needs, and views of the ingroup rather than individuals' own goals, needs, and views - correct answers collectivistic The linguistic sameness that is gained after translating and back-translating research materials several times using different translators. - correct answers translation equivalence The similarity of linguistic terms and meanings across cultures. - correct answers conceptual equivalence An approach to intercultural communication that aims to understand and describe human behavior within specific cultural groups based on the assumptions that (1) human experience is subjective, (2) human behavior is creative rather than determined or easily predicted, and (3) culture is created and maintained through communication. - correct answers interpretive approach A discipline that examines the patterned interactions and significant symbols of specific cultural groups to identify the cultural norms that guide their behaviors, usually based on field studies. - correct answers ethnography Research methods that attempt to capture people's own meanings for their everyday behavior in specific contexts. These methods use participant observation and field studies. - correct answers qualitative methods A research method where investigators interact extensively with the cultural group being studied. - correct answers participant observation A research method, dating back to ancient Greece, in which scholars try to interpret the meanings or persuasion used in texts or oral discourses in the contexts in which they occur. - correct answers rhetorical approach A term stemming from phonetic. The etic inquiry searches for universal generalizations across cultures from a distance. - correct answers etic A term stemming from phonemic. The emic way of inquiry focuses on understanding communication patterns from inside a particular cultural community or context. - correct answers emic An orientation toward African or African American cultural standards, including beliefs and values, as the criteria for interpreting behaviors and attitudes. - correct answers Afrocentricity A metatheoretical approach that includes many assumptions of the interpretive approach but that focuses more on macrocontexts, such as the political and social structures that influence communication - correct answers critical approach The political, social, and historical situations, backgrounds, and environments that influence communication. - correct answers macrocontexts "textual analysis Examination of cultural texts such as media—television, movies, journalistic essays, and so on. - correct answers textual analysis An intellectual, political, and cultural movement that calls for the independence of colonialized states and also liberation from colonialist ways of thinking. - correct answers postcolonialism An identity that is consciously a mixture of different cultural identities and cultural traditions - correct answers hybrid identity The process of perpetuating cultural patterns. - correct answers social reproduction An approach to intercultural communication that integrates three approaches-functionalist (or social science), interpretive, and critical-in understanding culture and communication. It recognizes and accepts that the three approaches are interconnected and sometimes contradictory - correct answers dialectical approach Refers to how interaction happens rather than to the outcome. - correct answers processual (1) A method of logic based on the principle that an idea generates its opposite, leading to a reconciliation of the opposites; (2) the complex and paradoxical relationship between two opposite qualities or entities, each of which may also be referred to as a dialectic. - correct answers dialectic Intercultural communication is both cultural and individual, or idiosyncratic. That communication is cultural means we share communication patterns with members of the groups to which we belong. - correct answers Cultural-Individual Dialectic This dialectic involves the role of context in intercultural relationships and focuses simultaneously on the person and the context. - correct answers Personal-Contextual Dialectic Intercultural communication is characterized by both similarities and differences, in that people are simultaneously similar to and different from each other. In this book, we identify and describe real and important differences between groups of people—differences in values, language, nonverbal behavior, conflict resolution, and so on - correct answers Differences-Similarities Dialectic Another dialectic emphasizes the need to focus simultaneously on the past and the present in understanding intercultural communication. On the one hand, we need to be aware of contemporary forces and realities that shape interactions of people from different cultural groups. On the other hand, we need to realize that history has a significant impact on contemporary events. - correct answers History/Past-Present/Future Dialectic A dialectical perspective recognizes that people may be simultaneously privileged and disadvantaged, or privileged in some contexts and disadvantaged in others. - correct answers Privilege-Disadvantage Dialectic Relationships that are formed between individuals from different cultures. - correct answers intercultural relationships learning that comes from a particular relationship but generalizes to other contexts. - correct answers relational learning A principle of relational attraction suggesting that individuals tend to be attracted to people they perceive to be similar to themselves. - correct answers similarity principle Having a logical connection between existing knowledge and a new stimulus - correct answers cognitive consistency True - correct answers "Communication in intercultural relationships is both cultural and individual, that is, idiosyncratic." social science approach - correct answers "The _____________________ identifies various cross-cultural differences in relationships—including notions of friendships and the initiation and development of relationships." A Chinese term for relational network - correct answers guanxi The view that relationships develop in predictable phases over time - correct answers stage model The extent of emotional closeness - correct answers intimacy Intimate relationships that comprise love, involvement, sharing, openness, connectedness, and so on. - correct answers romantic relationships Revealing information about oneself. - correct answers self-disclosure Information about other people's identity based upon visible physical characteristics - correct answers line of sight Information about other peo-ple's identity based upon visible physical characteristics A style of interaction for an intercultural couple in which one partner yields to the other partner's cultural patterns, abandoning or denying his or her own culture. - correct answers submission style A style of interaction for an intercultural couple in which both partners give up some part of their own cultural habits and beliefs to minimize cross-cultural differences - correct answers compromise style A style of interaction for an intercultural couple in which both partners attempt to erase their individual cultures in dealing with cultural differences. - correct answers obliteration style A style of interaction for an intercultural couple in which partners deal with cross-cultural differences by negotiating their relationship. - correct answers consensus style our sense of who we are and the aspects that makes us unique - correct answers identity attitudes vs. behaviors - correct answers what is the difference between prejudice and discrimination 1- knowledge function - makes it easier for us to organize and structure our world 2- utilitarian function - holding certain prejudices leads to rewards 3- ego-defensive function - when we don't want to believe unpleasant things about ourselves 4- value expressive function - reinforces aspects of our life we value - correct answers Why is there prejudice? the process by which individuals portray themselves - correct answers avowal the process by which others attribute identities to us - correct answers ascription people we care about are willing to coopertate with - correct answers in-group those we define as different from us, and often perceive as less deserving of equal regard - correct answers out-group The concept of who we are. Characteristics of identity may be understood differently depending on the perspectives that people take—for example, social science, interpretive, or critical perspectives - correct answers identity The ways by which individuals attempt to control the impressions others have of them. - correct answers impression management theory social science perspective - correct answers The ___________________ emphasizes that identity is created in part by the self and in part in relation to group membership. The sense of self as independent and self-reliant - correct answers individualized identity The sense of self as always connected to family and others. - correct answers familial identity Identification with feelings of connectedness to others and higher meanings in life. - correct answers spiritual identity A theory that emphasizes the process of communicating one's own desired identities while reinforcing or resisting others' identities as the core of intercultural communication. - correct answers identity negotiation theory interpretive perspective - correct answers The _________________ builds on the notions of identity formation discussed previously but takes a more dynamic turn. That is, it emphasizes that identities are negotiated, co-created, reinforced, and challenged though communication with others; they emerge when messages are exchanged between persons The process by which others attribute identities to an individual - correct answers ascription The fundamental beliefs that are shared by the members of a cultural group. Labels, a category of core symbols, are names or markers used to classify individual, social, or cultural groups. - correct answers core symbols critical perspective - correct answers Like the interpretive perspective, the _____________ emphasizes the dynamic nature of identities, but in addition, it emphasizes the contextual and often conflictual elements of identity development. This perspective pays particular attention to the societal structures and institutions that constrain identities and are often the root of injustice and oppression The communication process by which one is pulled into the social forces that place people into a specific identity. - correct answers interpellation A sense of belonging to a nondominant group - correct answers minority identity A sense of belonging to a dominant group - correct answers majority identity A person whose gender identity matches the biological sex that she or he was born into - correct answers cisgender The identification with the cultural notions of masculinity and femininity and what it means to be a man or a woman. - correct answers gender identity One's identification with various categories of sexuality. - correct answers sexual identity The identification with the cultural conventions of how we should act, look, and behave according to our age - correct answers age identity Identifying with a particular racial group. Although in the past racial groups were classified on the basis of biological characteristics, most scientists now recognize that race is constructed in fluid social and historical contexts. - correct answers racial identity (1) A set of ideas about one's own ethnic group membership and (2) a sense of belonging to a particular group and knowing something about the shared experience of the group. - correct answers ethnic identity U.S. Americans who identify not only with being U.S. citizens but also as being members of ethnic groups. - correct answers hyphenated Americans A sense of belonging to a religious group." - correct answers religious identity A sense of belonging to a group that shares similar economic, occupational, or social status - correct answers class identity National citizenship - correct answers national identity