HCR 240 Final Actual Exam Questions And Answers
Practice Questions with Solutions Newest |
Already Graded A+
Section 1: Cellular Adaptation, Injury & Neoplasia
Q1. A 55-year-old male with chronic heart failure presents with pitting edema in
his lower legs. The fluid in the interstitial space is most likely which of the
following?
A) Purulent exudate
B) Transudate
C) Hemorrhagic exudate
D) Serosanguineous fluid
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Transudate is a protein-poor, clear fluid that accumulates due to
increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased oncotic pressure (as in heart failure).
It is not infected and contains few cells, unlike exudate which is protein-rich and
inflammatory .
Q2. Which of the following cellular adaptations describes an increase in the
number of cells in a tissue, which can only occur in cells capable of mitosis?
A) Hypertrophy
B) Hyperplasia
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in response to a
stimulus, such as hormonal stimulation or tissue regeneration, and only occurs in
cells capable of mitotic division .
,Q3. A patient with a bile duct obstruction develops jaundice and liver damage.
The increase in liver enzyme levels seen on lab tests is a direct result of which
type of cell death?
A) Apoptosis
B) Necrosis
C) Senescence
D) Autophagy
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Necrosis is unprogrammed, premature cell death that results in
inflammation and cellular lysis, releasing intracellular enzymes into the
bloodstream. Apoptosis is programmed cell death that does not cause
inflammation .
Q4. Which term describes the replacement of one differentiated cell type with
another, often in response to chronic irritation?
A) Atrophy
B) Metaplasia
C) Hyperplasia
D) Dysplasia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Metaplasia is a reversible change in which one adult cell type is
replaced by another, typically in response to chronic irritation (e.g., ciliated
columnar epithelium in the trachea of a smoker being replaced by stratified
squamous epithelium) .
Q5. A patient is found to have a growth characterized by disorganized and
uncontrolled cell division. This "new growth" is best described by which term?
A) Atrophy
B) Hypertrophy
C) Hyperplasia
D) Neoplasia
, Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Neoplasia is the pathological process of abnormal and uncontrolled cell
growth that can lead to the formation of benign or malignant tumors .
Q6. Which of the following cell types is capable of undergoing hyperplasia?
A) Cardiac muscle cells (myocytes)
B) Neurons
C) Skeletal muscle cells
D) Epithelial cells of the epidermis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number and can only occur in cells
capable of mitotic division. Epithelial cells, such as those in the skin, are highly
mitotic, while cardiac muscle, neurons, and skeletal muscle are largely incapable
of division .
Q7. A patient with long-term paralysis has experienced significant wasting of the
skeletal muscles in their legs. This cellular adaptation is best described as:
A) Atrophy
B) Hypertrophy
C) Dysplasia
D) Metaplasia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Atrophy is a decrease in the size of cells, leading to a reduction in the
size of the affected organ or tissue. It often results from disuse, such as in muscles
paralyzed from nerve damage .
Q8. A pre-invasive epithelial tumor is known as:
A) Malignant sarcoma
B) Carcinoma in situ
C) Metastatic carcinoma
D) Teratoma
Practice Questions with Solutions Newest |
Already Graded A+
Section 1: Cellular Adaptation, Injury & Neoplasia
Q1. A 55-year-old male with chronic heart failure presents with pitting edema in
his lower legs. The fluid in the interstitial space is most likely which of the
following?
A) Purulent exudate
B) Transudate
C) Hemorrhagic exudate
D) Serosanguineous fluid
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Transudate is a protein-poor, clear fluid that accumulates due to
increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased oncotic pressure (as in heart failure).
It is not infected and contains few cells, unlike exudate which is protein-rich and
inflammatory .
Q2. Which of the following cellular adaptations describes an increase in the
number of cells in a tissue, which can only occur in cells capable of mitosis?
A) Hypertrophy
B) Hyperplasia
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in response to a
stimulus, such as hormonal stimulation or tissue regeneration, and only occurs in
cells capable of mitotic division .
,Q3. A patient with a bile duct obstruction develops jaundice and liver damage.
The increase in liver enzyme levels seen on lab tests is a direct result of which
type of cell death?
A) Apoptosis
B) Necrosis
C) Senescence
D) Autophagy
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Necrosis is unprogrammed, premature cell death that results in
inflammation and cellular lysis, releasing intracellular enzymes into the
bloodstream. Apoptosis is programmed cell death that does not cause
inflammation .
Q4. Which term describes the replacement of one differentiated cell type with
another, often in response to chronic irritation?
A) Atrophy
B) Metaplasia
C) Hyperplasia
D) Dysplasia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Metaplasia is a reversible change in which one adult cell type is
replaced by another, typically in response to chronic irritation (e.g., ciliated
columnar epithelium in the trachea of a smoker being replaced by stratified
squamous epithelium) .
Q5. A patient is found to have a growth characterized by disorganized and
uncontrolled cell division. This "new growth" is best described by which term?
A) Atrophy
B) Hypertrophy
C) Hyperplasia
D) Neoplasia
, Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Neoplasia is the pathological process of abnormal and uncontrolled cell
growth that can lead to the formation of benign or malignant tumors .
Q6. Which of the following cell types is capable of undergoing hyperplasia?
A) Cardiac muscle cells (myocytes)
B) Neurons
C) Skeletal muscle cells
D) Epithelial cells of the epidermis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number and can only occur in cells
capable of mitotic division. Epithelial cells, such as those in the skin, are highly
mitotic, while cardiac muscle, neurons, and skeletal muscle are largely incapable
of division .
Q7. A patient with long-term paralysis has experienced significant wasting of the
skeletal muscles in their legs. This cellular adaptation is best described as:
A) Atrophy
B) Hypertrophy
C) Dysplasia
D) Metaplasia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Atrophy is a decrease in the size of cells, leading to a reduction in the
size of the affected organ or tissue. It often results from disuse, such as in muscles
paralyzed from nerve damage .
Q8. A pre-invasive epithelial tumor is known as:
A) Malignant sarcoma
B) Carcinoma in situ
C) Metastatic carcinoma
D) Teratoma
