NURS 5315 EXAM 1 (UTA) NEWEST 2026 ACTUAL EXAM
TEST BANK| NURS5315 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM 1 REVIEW WITH COMPLETE EXAM QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS/ ALREADY GRADED A+
Atrophy ......ANSWER......E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and
degradation. Essentially there is an increase in the catabolism of
intracellular organelles, reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure,
use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous
stimulation)
Hyperplasia ......ANSWER......E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell
division) must occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage or
partial resection; may be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by
increased hormonal stimulation (endometrial). increase of production
of local growth factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes.
uterine or mammary gland enlargement during pregnancy
pg. 1
,Dysplasia ......ANSWER......E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal
change in size, shape, organization (classified as mild, moderate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell
growth. aka atypical hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap
smear, breast cancer development; pap smears often show dysplastic
cells of the cervix that must undergo laser/surgical tx
Metaplasia ......ANSWER......E: reversible change, one type of cell
changes to another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors,
injury, or irritation; Cancer can arise from this area, stimulus induces a
reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of cytokines and
growth factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker
or normal ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by
stratified squamous epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal
squamous cells change to columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux,
aka intestinal metaplasia
Hypoxia injury ......ANSWER......E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP
increases anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
pg. 2
,Free radical and ROS ......ANSWER......E. normal byproduct of ATP
production, will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular
antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease,
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Ethanol ......ANSWER......E. mood altering drug, long term effects on
liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4,
inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver
failure irreversible
Oncosis ......ANSWER......Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling.
Organ increases in weight, becomes distended and pale. Associated
with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
Fatty Infiltration ......ANSWER......intracellular accumulation of lipids in
the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can
lead to cirrhosis
dystrophic calcification ......ANSWER......accumulation of Ca in dead or
dying tissues
pg. 3
, calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and
function
r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic
pancreatitis
metastatic calcification ......ANSWER......accumulation of Ca in normal
tissue
result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, toxic
levels of Vit D. Can also r/t hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
urate accumulation ......ANSWER......sodium urate crystals are deposited
in tissues- group of disorders collectively called gout- acute arthritis,
chronic gouty arthritis, tophus, nephritis
Coagulative Necrosis ......ANSWER......kidneys, heart, adrenals-
secondary to hypoxia
Liquefactive Necrosis ......ANSWER......nerve cells- brain- accumulation
of pus
Caseous Necrosis ......ANSWER......lung disease- usually TB- tissue looks
like clumped cheese
Fat Necrosis ......ANSWER......breast, pancreas, abdominal structures-
creates soaps
pg. 4
TEST BANK| NURS5315 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM 1 REVIEW WITH COMPLETE EXAM QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS/ ALREADY GRADED A+
Atrophy ......ANSWER......E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and
degradation. Essentially there is an increase in the catabolism of
intracellular organelles, reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure,
use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous
stimulation)
Hyperplasia ......ANSWER......E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell
division) must occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage or
partial resection; may be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by
increased hormonal stimulation (endometrial). increase of production
of local growth factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes.
uterine or mammary gland enlargement during pregnancy
pg. 1
,Dysplasia ......ANSWER......E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal
change in size, shape, organization (classified as mild, moderate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell
growth. aka atypical hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap
smear, breast cancer development; pap smears often show dysplastic
cells of the cervix that must undergo laser/surgical tx
Metaplasia ......ANSWER......E: reversible change, one type of cell
changes to another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors,
injury, or irritation; Cancer can arise from this area, stimulus induces a
reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of cytokines and
growth factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker
or normal ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by
stratified squamous epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal
squamous cells change to columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux,
aka intestinal metaplasia
Hypoxia injury ......ANSWER......E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP
increases anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
pg. 2
,Free radical and ROS ......ANSWER......E. normal byproduct of ATP
production, will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular
antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease,
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Ethanol ......ANSWER......E. mood altering drug, long term effects on
liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4,
inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver
failure irreversible
Oncosis ......ANSWER......Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling.
Organ increases in weight, becomes distended and pale. Associated
with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
Fatty Infiltration ......ANSWER......intracellular accumulation of lipids in
the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can
lead to cirrhosis
dystrophic calcification ......ANSWER......accumulation of Ca in dead or
dying tissues
pg. 3
, calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and
function
r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic
pancreatitis
metastatic calcification ......ANSWER......accumulation of Ca in normal
tissue
result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, toxic
levels of Vit D. Can also r/t hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
urate accumulation ......ANSWER......sodium urate crystals are deposited
in tissues- group of disorders collectively called gout- acute arthritis,
chronic gouty arthritis, tophus, nephritis
Coagulative Necrosis ......ANSWER......kidneys, heart, adrenals-
secondary to hypoxia
Liquefactive Necrosis ......ANSWER......nerve cells- brain- accumulation
of pus
Caseous Necrosis ......ANSWER......lung disease- usually TB- tissue looks
like clumped cheese
Fat Necrosis ......ANSWER......breast, pancreas, abdominal structures-
creates soaps
pg. 4
