ACVPM STUDY GUIDE | VERIFIED100%
Concentrated Animal Feeding Unit (CAFO) - Answers - USDA definition of CAFO:
Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation
intensive Animal Feeding Operation (AFO) in which over 1000 animal units are confined
for over 45 days a year.
Animal unit: equivalent to 1000 pounds of "live" animal weight.
A thousand animal units equates to:
1000 cows
700 cows used for dairy purposes
2500 pigs weighing more than 55 lbs
125,000 chickens
82,000 egg laying hens or pullets
Brevetoxin - Answers - A group of similar neurotoxic compounds which are tasteless
and odorless. Although toxicity can result from inhalational, dermal, or oral exposure,
the most common route of exposure is by oral ingestion of contaminated shellfish.
Illness from oral ingestion is characterized by a combination of gastrointestinal and
neurologic signs and symptoms. Gastrointestinal symptoms include abdominal pain,
vomiting, and diarrhea. Neurologic signs and symptoms include paresthesias, reversal
of hot and cold temperature sensation, vertigo, and ataxia. Inhalational exposure may
cause respiratory symptoms such as cough, dyspnea and bronchospasm. This type of
toxin can also cause illness in aquatic wildlife.
domoic acid - Answers - Potent neurotoxin produced by harmful algal blooms of marine
phytoplankton Pseudo-nitzschia.
Kainic acid-type neurotoxin (activates glutamate receptors) that causes amnesic
shellfish poisoning (ASP), produced by algae and accumulates in shellfish, sardines,
and anchovies.
acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) - Answers - whiteleg shrimp
Penaeus vannamei in Texas
pirA and pirB toxin genes identical to those detected in other AHPND-causing Vibrio sp.
/ V. parahaemolyticus
Marburg virus - Answers - Hemorrhagic filovirus endemic to central/south Africa,
reservoir is Egyptian fruit bat (rousettus aegyptiacus), humans often exposed within
caves.
January 2020: discovered in Sierra Leone, 1st in W Africa, more widely distributed than
prev understood
viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus IVb (VHSV IVb) - Answers - fish deaths, great lakes
, Micropolyspora faeni and Termoactinomyces vulgaris - Answers - Bacteria commonly
assoc w Farmers Lung (also aspergillus mold)
African Swine Fever (ASF) - Answers - large DNA virus of the Asfarviridae family
infects ticks of the genus Ornithodoros, other bloodsucking insects may be able to
transmit mechanically.
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis - Answers - Amphibian Chytrid Fungus,
Chytridiomycosis, tx itraconazole
Category A bioterrorism agents - Answers - Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
Botulism (Clostridium botulinum toxin)
Plague (Yersinia pestis)
Smallpox (variola major)
Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)
Viral hemorrhagic fevers, includingFiloviruses (Ebola, Marburg)Arenaviruses (Lassa,
Machupo)
Category A Bio terrorism Agents - Answers - can be easily disseminated or transmitted
from person to person;
result in high mortality rates and have the potential for major public health impact;
might cause public panic and social disruption; and
require special action for public health preparedness.
Category B bioterrorism agents - Answers - are moderately easy to disseminate;
result in moderate morbidity rates and low mortality rates; and
require specific enhancements of CDC's diagnostic capacity and enhanced disease
surveillance.
Category B bioterrorism agents - Answers - Brucellosis (Brucella species)
Epsilon toxin of Clostridium perfringens
Food safety threats (Salmonella species, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Shigella)
Glanders (Burkholderia mallei)
Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei)
Psittacosis (Chlamydia psittaci)
Q fever (Coxiella burnetii)
Ricin toxin from Ricinus communis (castor beans)
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B
Typhus fever (Rickettsia prowazekii)
Viral encephalitis (alphaviruses, such as eastern equine encephalitis, Venezuelan
equine encephalitis, and western equine encephalitis])
Water safety threats (Vibrio cholerae, Cryptosporidium parvum)
Category C bioterrorism agents - Answers - could be engineered for mass
dissemination in the future because of
availability;
Concentrated Animal Feeding Unit (CAFO) - Answers - USDA definition of CAFO:
Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation
intensive Animal Feeding Operation (AFO) in which over 1000 animal units are confined
for over 45 days a year.
Animal unit: equivalent to 1000 pounds of "live" animal weight.
A thousand animal units equates to:
1000 cows
700 cows used for dairy purposes
2500 pigs weighing more than 55 lbs
125,000 chickens
82,000 egg laying hens or pullets
Brevetoxin - Answers - A group of similar neurotoxic compounds which are tasteless
and odorless. Although toxicity can result from inhalational, dermal, or oral exposure,
the most common route of exposure is by oral ingestion of contaminated shellfish.
Illness from oral ingestion is characterized by a combination of gastrointestinal and
neurologic signs and symptoms. Gastrointestinal symptoms include abdominal pain,
vomiting, and diarrhea. Neurologic signs and symptoms include paresthesias, reversal
of hot and cold temperature sensation, vertigo, and ataxia. Inhalational exposure may
cause respiratory symptoms such as cough, dyspnea and bronchospasm. This type of
toxin can also cause illness in aquatic wildlife.
domoic acid - Answers - Potent neurotoxin produced by harmful algal blooms of marine
phytoplankton Pseudo-nitzschia.
Kainic acid-type neurotoxin (activates glutamate receptors) that causes amnesic
shellfish poisoning (ASP), produced by algae and accumulates in shellfish, sardines,
and anchovies.
acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) - Answers - whiteleg shrimp
Penaeus vannamei in Texas
pirA and pirB toxin genes identical to those detected in other AHPND-causing Vibrio sp.
/ V. parahaemolyticus
Marburg virus - Answers - Hemorrhagic filovirus endemic to central/south Africa,
reservoir is Egyptian fruit bat (rousettus aegyptiacus), humans often exposed within
caves.
January 2020: discovered in Sierra Leone, 1st in W Africa, more widely distributed than
prev understood
viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus IVb (VHSV IVb) - Answers - fish deaths, great lakes
, Micropolyspora faeni and Termoactinomyces vulgaris - Answers - Bacteria commonly
assoc w Farmers Lung (also aspergillus mold)
African Swine Fever (ASF) - Answers - large DNA virus of the Asfarviridae family
infects ticks of the genus Ornithodoros, other bloodsucking insects may be able to
transmit mechanically.
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis - Answers - Amphibian Chytrid Fungus,
Chytridiomycosis, tx itraconazole
Category A bioterrorism agents - Answers - Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
Botulism (Clostridium botulinum toxin)
Plague (Yersinia pestis)
Smallpox (variola major)
Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)
Viral hemorrhagic fevers, includingFiloviruses (Ebola, Marburg)Arenaviruses (Lassa,
Machupo)
Category A Bio terrorism Agents - Answers - can be easily disseminated or transmitted
from person to person;
result in high mortality rates and have the potential for major public health impact;
might cause public panic and social disruption; and
require special action for public health preparedness.
Category B bioterrorism agents - Answers - are moderately easy to disseminate;
result in moderate morbidity rates and low mortality rates; and
require specific enhancements of CDC's diagnostic capacity and enhanced disease
surveillance.
Category B bioterrorism agents - Answers - Brucellosis (Brucella species)
Epsilon toxin of Clostridium perfringens
Food safety threats (Salmonella species, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Shigella)
Glanders (Burkholderia mallei)
Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei)
Psittacosis (Chlamydia psittaci)
Q fever (Coxiella burnetii)
Ricin toxin from Ricinus communis (castor beans)
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B
Typhus fever (Rickettsia prowazekii)
Viral encephalitis (alphaviruses, such as eastern equine encephalitis, Venezuelan
equine encephalitis, and western equine encephalitis])
Water safety threats (Vibrio cholerae, Cryptosporidium parvum)
Category C bioterrorism agents - Answers - could be engineered for mass
dissemination in the future because of
availability;
