ANP 1106 - Pre-midterm Study Guide with Complete
Solutions | Winter 2026
Development
Development in animals also applies to humans, so the development begins with atoms,
atoms form molecules, molecules can form macromolecules, which can be used in the
formation of organelles and also in the formation of cells which produce tissues, tissues
create organs, which form an organ system and ultimately you have the entire organism.
Human have higher intellect and perceive much more than animals. Animals perceive
relatively simple things.. ex) where food comes from, whats moving in the distance.
Humans are the only animals that are able to consider our position in the universe.
Humans cognitive abilities urges us to find an explanation for our abilities.
Plato - Believed that the brain was the source of our abilities
Aristotle - The heart that was the source of our abilities and the brain was a radiator to
cool the blood.
Now we know that the brain is responsible for our behaviour
All humans have different brains which explains our different choices.
The collection of traits forming ones personality is unique to each individual. Identical
twins have different personalities, so they teach us that the nervous system is unique
in every human being.
,Basic Behaviours
sensation of pain.
The nervous system generates the sensation of pain so you avoid doing this. (perception)
Most stimuli are too complex to produce a reflex
response.
, The nervous system will generate a emotion that will give an idea of the range of possible
responses that might be appropriate.
Stimuli that are too complex to produce a reflex, the nervous system uses the limbic
system to generate an emotion
For non-reflex actions the nervous system goes through these steps... Detect or
receive a stimulus (perception is from the senses or memory)
Limbic system will generate a emotion (ex..fear, anger, sadness)
Response (Cry, escape, prolong the feeling, fight)
When the nervous system generates the negative emotions, the limbic system
communicates with your autonomic system, which controls your internal organs. The
limbic system will trigger the autonomic system to give you a burst of energy, which will
cause fats to be released into your blood stream and it will increase your heart rate.
Humanoid
The brain is programmed (instinctive)
Feeding programming - Instinct to put food in your mouth
Reproduction - No reproduction means that its the end of the species Facial
Recognition - In the memory their are pre-built features that are appropriate for
mating. When you think someone is beautiful, it is your nervous system telling you their
features are appropriate for reproduction. Beauty is defined by the nervous system -
Nervous system is guessing that it is something pleasant for you.
Gender Identity is not pre-built in. - By nature you know if you are male or female, you also
k now how you feel and what features you are attracted to. Everyone uses their own
definition when it comes to gender identity
Fear (Pre-Built in) - If not their a species will end. The nervous system is able to guess and
help you.
Anger (Pre-built on) - So you can fight back and keep what you've fought to obtain and
what you need.
Sadness (Pre-built in) - Pay attention to important things. Important to pay attention to
details to avoid the feeling of sadness.
Pain (Pre-built in) - So you don't damage your body and are able to thrive.
Nervous system creates bad feeling when you injure yourself.
Personality is linked to emotions.
, Gifts of Nature
At birth you are provided with distinctive
programs to deal with life
Naturally good at some talents and others need a-lot more work. Everyone is unique.
Discover talents
Maturity is gaining knowledge. The knowledge that you gain is based off of opportunity.
You can have talent, but not the opportunity or you can have the opportunity, but not the
talent. You have to have both for things to work out.
You learn through trial and error.
Use more information when planning future decisions if you with you could have done
something differently. Means you have become more knowledgable.
Learning
Learning is a function of the nervous system.
Nervous system is made up of neurons and they are all linked together. The links
between the neurons is what determines the flow of information - very important for
memorization or learning.
The links determine the flow of information for not only memory storage but also retrieval.
Implicit Memory - riding a bicycle - muscle forces acting on pedals to move bike (you try it
and get better each time) - repeatedly activated/stimulated many of the same neurons
and slightly changed them when you properly learned how to ride a bike. - Neurons
remember the behaviour.
Explicit Memory - remembering a phone number (memorization and retrieval) If retrieval
fails then you retry to memorize the phone number by repeating the procedure over and
Solutions | Winter 2026
Development
Development in animals also applies to humans, so the development begins with atoms,
atoms form molecules, molecules can form macromolecules, which can be used in the
formation of organelles and also in the formation of cells which produce tissues, tissues
create organs, which form an organ system and ultimately you have the entire organism.
Human have higher intellect and perceive much more than animals. Animals perceive
relatively simple things.. ex) where food comes from, whats moving in the distance.
Humans are the only animals that are able to consider our position in the universe.
Humans cognitive abilities urges us to find an explanation for our abilities.
Plato - Believed that the brain was the source of our abilities
Aristotle - The heart that was the source of our abilities and the brain was a radiator to
cool the blood.
Now we know that the brain is responsible for our behaviour
All humans have different brains which explains our different choices.
The collection of traits forming ones personality is unique to each individual. Identical
twins have different personalities, so they teach us that the nervous system is unique
in every human being.
,Basic Behaviours
sensation of pain.
The nervous system generates the sensation of pain so you avoid doing this. (perception)
Most stimuli are too complex to produce a reflex
response.
, The nervous system will generate a emotion that will give an idea of the range of possible
responses that might be appropriate.
Stimuli that are too complex to produce a reflex, the nervous system uses the limbic
system to generate an emotion
For non-reflex actions the nervous system goes through these steps... Detect or
receive a stimulus (perception is from the senses or memory)
Limbic system will generate a emotion (ex..fear, anger, sadness)
Response (Cry, escape, prolong the feeling, fight)
When the nervous system generates the negative emotions, the limbic system
communicates with your autonomic system, which controls your internal organs. The
limbic system will trigger the autonomic system to give you a burst of energy, which will
cause fats to be released into your blood stream and it will increase your heart rate.
Humanoid
The brain is programmed (instinctive)
Feeding programming - Instinct to put food in your mouth
Reproduction - No reproduction means that its the end of the species Facial
Recognition - In the memory their are pre-built features that are appropriate for
mating. When you think someone is beautiful, it is your nervous system telling you their
features are appropriate for reproduction. Beauty is defined by the nervous system -
Nervous system is guessing that it is something pleasant for you.
Gender Identity is not pre-built in. - By nature you know if you are male or female, you also
k now how you feel and what features you are attracted to. Everyone uses their own
definition when it comes to gender identity
Fear (Pre-Built in) - If not their a species will end. The nervous system is able to guess and
help you.
Anger (Pre-built on) - So you can fight back and keep what you've fought to obtain and
what you need.
Sadness (Pre-built in) - Pay attention to important things. Important to pay attention to
details to avoid the feeling of sadness.
Pain (Pre-built in) - So you don't damage your body and are able to thrive.
Nervous system creates bad feeling when you injure yourself.
Personality is linked to emotions.
, Gifts of Nature
At birth you are provided with distinctive
programs to deal with life
Naturally good at some talents and others need a-lot more work. Everyone is unique.
Discover talents
Maturity is gaining knowledge. The knowledge that you gain is based off of opportunity.
You can have talent, but not the opportunity or you can have the opportunity, but not the
talent. You have to have both for things to work out.
You learn through trial and error.
Use more information when planning future decisions if you with you could have done
something differently. Means you have become more knowledgable.
Learning
Learning is a function of the nervous system.
Nervous system is made up of neurons and they are all linked together. The links
between the neurons is what determines the flow of information - very important for
memorization or learning.
The links determine the flow of information for not only memory storage but also retrieval.
Implicit Memory - riding a bicycle - muscle forces acting on pedals to move bike (you try it
and get better each time) - repeatedly activated/stimulated many of the same neurons
and slightly changed them when you properly learned how to ride a bike. - Neurons
remember the behaviour.
Explicit Memory - remembering a phone number (memorization and retrieval) If retrieval
fails then you retry to memorize the phone number by repeating the procedure over and
