Exam 2026 Exam All Answers
and Illustrations Given
Type 1 Hypersensitivity Reaction - ANSWER ✔✔- "Allergic reaction"
- Mediated by IgE.
- Inflammation d/t mast cell degranulation.
- Hay fever, hives (uticaria).
- Local s/s: itching, rash.
- Systemic: wheezing.
,- Severe, systemic reaction: anaphylaxis: hypotension, severe
bronchoconstriction.
- Main tx: epinephrine.
Type 2 Hypersensitivity Reaction - ANSWER ✔✔- Cytotoxic reaction;
tissue specific
- Macrophages are the primary effectors cells involved
- Causes tissue damage or alters function
- Examples: 1) Grave's disease- example of altering thyroid function,
doesn't destroy thyroid tissue. 2) ABO incompatibility- example of
cell/tissue damage; severe transfusion reaction occurs & the transfused
erythrocytes are destroyed by agglutination or complement-mediated
lysis.
Difference between type 2 & 3 hypersensitivity reactions - ANSWER
✔✔- Type 2: organ specific; antibody binds to the antigen on the cell
surface.
- Type 3: not organ specific; antibody binds to soluble antigen outside
the cell surface that was released into the blood or body fluids, and the
complex is then deposited in the tissues.
Type 3 Hypersensitivity Reaction - ANSWER ✔✔- Immune complex
, - Antigen-antibody complex deposited in the tissues
- Neutrophils are the primary effector cell
- Causes autoimmune diseases
- Examples: rheumatoid arthritis (joints), systemic lupus erythematosus
(SLE, organs)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) - ANSWER ✔✔- Facial rash
confined to the cheeks (malar rash)
- Discoid rash (raised patches, scaling)
- Photosensitivity (skin rash d/t sunlight exposure)
- Oral or nasopharyngeal ulcers
- Hematologic disorders (hemolytic anemia, leukopenia, lymphopenia,
thrombocytopenia)
- Immunologic disorders
- Non-erosive arthritis of at least two peripheral joints
- Serositis (pleurisy, pericarditis)
- Renal disorder
- Neurologic disorders (seizures, psychosis)
- Presence of antinuclear antibody (ANA)
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