BIOL 117 FINAL UPDATED ACTUAL CORE BIOLOGY CONCEPTS REVIEW 2026

BIOL 117 FINAL UPDATED ACTUAL CORE
BIOLOGY CONCEPTS REVIEW 2026

◉ Hydrogen bonds.
Answer: -very strong dipole-dipole interaction
-H + F, O, N


◉ Cohesive behavior.
Answer: -polar molecules side with different charges are attracted to
each other
-surface tension is a measure of how hard it is to break the surface of
a liquid


◉ Hydrophillic.
Answer: Ions, salts, polar, "water loving"


◉ Hydrophobic.
Answer: Lipids, nonpolar, "water hating"


◉ Organic compounds.
Answer: -carbon based compounds
-carbon bonded to another carbon or hydrogen

,◉ Hydrocarbons.
Answer: -only hydrogen and carbon
-nonpolar, uncharged, hydrophobic


◉ Hydroxyl group.
Answer: -alcohol
-polar
-form hydrogen bodns with water
-hydrophillic


◉ Ketone.
Answer: -internal carbonyl group
-polar
-hydrophillic


◉ Aldehyde.
Answer: -terminal carbonyl group
-polar
-hydrophillic


◉ Carboxyl group.

,Answer: -polar
-hydrophillic
-very acidic


◉ Amino group.
Answer: -proton acceptor => basic
-hydrophillic


◉ Sulfhydryl group.
Answer: -structure of some proteins
-less polar than a hydroxyl group


◉ Phosphate group.
Answer: -contributes a negative charge
-acidic
-hydrophillic
-phospholipids & nucleic acids


◉ Methyl group.
Answer: -nonpolar hydrocarbon
-hydrophobic
-control of gene expression

, -shape and function of sex hormones


◉ Macromolecules.
Answer: -large complex molecules that are formed by thousands of
atoms
-carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids


◉ Enzymes.
Answer: speed up chemical reactions


◉ Hydrolysis.
Answer: -"to break with water"
-using water to break polymers
-regulated by hydrolyses


◉ Dehyration synthesis.
Answer: -synthesizes monomers together
-removes water
regulated by dehydrogenase


◉ Carbohydrates.
Answer: -fuel & building material