BIOL 215 CWRU: 3 FINAL TEST 2026 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A

BIOL 215 CWRU: 3 FINAL TEST 2026
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS GRADED A+

◍ Why do metabolic pathways comprise many small steps but not 1 big step?.
Answer: many different pathways run from energy produced from prior
reaction
◍ Feedback Regulation of Enzyme Activity.
Answer: Metabolic pathways regulated: intermediates/products 'feedback' to
provide info.
◍ Oxidation involves.
Answer: loss H+/e-; gain O
◍ Define pharmacokinetics.
Answer: Study of drug processes; ADME
◍ Define synergistic.
Answer: Complementary or additive
◍ Reduction involves.
Answer: gain H+/e-; loss O
◍ Disulfide bond formed under which conditions.
Answer: oxidizing condition (loss H)
◍ catabolism of triglycerides process.
Answer: hydrolysis to liberate glycerol + 3 FAs glycerol -> glycolytic
pathway
◍ triglycerides is important for.
Answer: Hibernating/ migrating species

,◍ Preclincal studies.
Answer: Drug is developed, tested on animals, and then apply for IND
◍ Potency.
Answer: Measure of strength or concentration of a drug required to produce
a specific effect
◍ triglycerides is.
Answer: fat - important long term E-storage molecule (can store more E
than other macromolecules)
◍ fats catabolized ->.
Answer: fatty acids and glycerol
◍ Drug indication vs side effect.
Answer: Indication: what a drug is used forSide effect: tolerable but
undesired effects of a drug
◍ Intrathecal.
Answer: Administered in the spinal cord
◍ Why do fats contain more extractable E?.
Answer: Because of their state of reduction: contains long strings of -CH2
groups in hydrocarbon tails
◍ Tolerance vs dependence.
Answer: tolerance: requiring an increased dose to achieve same
effectdependence: body requires drug to function normally, withdrawal
symptoms upon discontinuation
◍ Agonist promotes a response or drug action, antagonist interferes with other
drugs or substances producing drug effect.
Answer: agonist: produce drug actionantagonist: inhibit drug
actionCompetitive antagonism: both agonist and antagonist compete to bind
at receptor site
◍ Why are fats ideal for storage?.
Answer: Nonpolar -> stored in anhydrous form (w/out water)

, ◍ B-oxidation is the pathway that catabolize_____ and removes _____ at a
time.
Answer: fatty acids, one acetyl (2C)# cycles = #Carbons - 2
◍ Dose is the amount of drug, potency is how strong the drug is.
Answer: dose: measurement of amountpotency: measurement of strength
◍ Teratogens.
Answer: Drugs that produce congenital anomalies
◍ B-Oxidation occurs in _____ and generates _____.
Answer: mitochondria, peroxisomes and generates Acetyl CoA, reduced
enzymes (NADH, FADH2)
◍ glycogenolysis.
Answer: When E cell needs are not met and no incoming source of glucose:
glycogen phosphorylase triggers glycogen to release a G1P, shifting the
equilibrium towards G69 starting glycolysis
◍ glycogenesis.
Answer: conversion of glucose -> glycogen; GP6 - GP1
◍ Trade name: brand nameGeneric: nonproprietary name.
Answer: generic: nonproprietary nametrade: brand name
◍ if cells need energy and not have an incoming source of glucose.
Answer: Trigger glycogenolysis -> activate glycogen phosphorylate -> push
toward G6P production (while G1P pile up)
◍ trigger glycogenolysis -> activate glycogen phosphorylate -> push toward
G6P production (while G1P pile up).
Answer: phosphoglucomutase
◍ Routes of admin and onset of action.
Answer: Onset of action: time between administration and first observable
effect
◍ Enzyme induction.