BIOL 235 MIDTERM 2 ACTUAL EXAM
PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
GRADED A+
◍ cranial bones.
Answer: form the cranial cavity, which encloses and protects the brain. The
eight cranial bones are the frontal bone, two parietal bones, two temporal
bones, the occipital bone, the sphenoid bone, and the ethmoid bone
◍ carpus.
Answer: he proximal region of the hand and consists of eight small bones,
the carpals, joined to one another by ligaments
◍ coccyx.
Answer: triangular in shape. It is formed by the fusion of usually four
coccygeal vertebrae (Co1-Co4).
◍ ribs.
Answer: numbered 1-12 from superior to inferior, give structural support to
the sides of the thoracic cavity. ncrease in length from the first through
seventh, and then decrease in length to rib 12
◍ diaphysis.
Answer: is the bone's shaft or body—the long, cylindrical, main portion of
the bone
◍ vertebral foramen.
Answer: formed by vertebral body and the vertebral arch articulating to
surround the spinal cord
◍ seven processes of vertebral arch.
Answer: A single spinous process (spine) projects posteriorly from the
, junction of the laminae
◍ processes.
Answer: condyle, facet, head (all form joints)crest, epicondyle, line, spinous
process, trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity (all form attachment points for
connective tissue)
◍ longitudinal arch.
Answer: two parts- medial part of the longitudinal arch, which originates at
the calcaneus, rises to the talus and descends through the navicular, the three
cuneiforms, and the heads of the three medial metatarsals- lateral part of the
longitudinal arch also be- gins at the calcaneus. It rises at the cuboid and
descends to the heads of the two lateral metatarsals
◍ surface markings.
Answer: structural features adapted for specific functions. Most are not
present at birth but develop in response to certain forces and are most
prominent in the adult skeletontwo major types - depressions/openings and
processes
◍ foramina.
Answer: plural of foramen
◍ parathyroid hormone (PTH).
Answer: regulates Ca2+ exchange - increases blod Ca2+ level, operates via
negative feedback loop, acts on kidneys to decrease loss of Ca2+ in urine
◍ orbit.
Answer: contains the eyeball and associated structures. The three cranial
bones of the orbit are the frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid; the four facial
bones are the palatine, zygomatic, lacrimal, and maxilla.
◍ cervical vertebrae.
Answer: are smaller than all other vertebrae except those that form the
coccyx. Their vertebral arches, however, are larger. All cervical vertebrae
have three foramina: one vertebral foramen and two transverse foraminafirst
two vertebra of spine - atlas (C1) and axis (C2)
, ◍ clavicular notches.
Answer: found on manubrium - articulate with the medial ends of the
clavicles to form the sternoclavicular joints
◍ fibula.
Answer: parallel and lateral to the tibia, but it is considerably smaller. The
distal end is more arrowhead-shaped and has a projection called the lateral
malleolus that articulates with the talus of the ankle
◍ hyoid bone.
Answer: unique component of the axial skeleton because it does not
articulate with any other bone. Rather, it is suspended from the styloid
processes of the temporal bones by ligaments and muscles
◍ femur.
Answer: aka thigh bone - the longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the
body.
◍ vertebral column.
Answer: makes up about two-fifths of your total height and is composed of a
series of bones called vertebrae. consists of bone and connective tissue; the
spinal cord that it surrounds and protects consists of nervous and connective
tissues
◍ endochondral ossification.
Answer: one of the patterns of embryonic/fetal bone formation; bone forms
within hyaline cartilage that develops from mesenchyme
◍ maxillae.
Answer: unite to form the upper jawbone. They articulate with every bone of
the face except the mandible. Each maxilla contains a large maxillary sinus
that empties into the nasal cavity
◍ vomer.
Answer: a roughly triangular bone on the floor of the nasal cavity, forms the
inferior portion of the bony nasal septum
PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
GRADED A+
◍ cranial bones.
Answer: form the cranial cavity, which encloses and protects the brain. The
eight cranial bones are the frontal bone, two parietal bones, two temporal
bones, the occipital bone, the sphenoid bone, and the ethmoid bone
◍ carpus.
Answer: he proximal region of the hand and consists of eight small bones,
the carpals, joined to one another by ligaments
◍ coccyx.
Answer: triangular in shape. It is formed by the fusion of usually four
coccygeal vertebrae (Co1-Co4).
◍ ribs.
Answer: numbered 1-12 from superior to inferior, give structural support to
the sides of the thoracic cavity. ncrease in length from the first through
seventh, and then decrease in length to rib 12
◍ diaphysis.
Answer: is the bone's shaft or body—the long, cylindrical, main portion of
the bone
◍ vertebral foramen.
Answer: formed by vertebral body and the vertebral arch articulating to
surround the spinal cord
◍ seven processes of vertebral arch.
Answer: A single spinous process (spine) projects posteriorly from the
, junction of the laminae
◍ processes.
Answer: condyle, facet, head (all form joints)crest, epicondyle, line, spinous
process, trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity (all form attachment points for
connective tissue)
◍ longitudinal arch.
Answer: two parts- medial part of the longitudinal arch, which originates at
the calcaneus, rises to the talus and descends through the navicular, the three
cuneiforms, and the heads of the three medial metatarsals- lateral part of the
longitudinal arch also be- gins at the calcaneus. It rises at the cuboid and
descends to the heads of the two lateral metatarsals
◍ surface markings.
Answer: structural features adapted for specific functions. Most are not
present at birth but develop in response to certain forces and are most
prominent in the adult skeletontwo major types - depressions/openings and
processes
◍ foramina.
Answer: plural of foramen
◍ parathyroid hormone (PTH).
Answer: regulates Ca2+ exchange - increases blod Ca2+ level, operates via
negative feedback loop, acts on kidneys to decrease loss of Ca2+ in urine
◍ orbit.
Answer: contains the eyeball and associated structures. The three cranial
bones of the orbit are the frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid; the four facial
bones are the palatine, zygomatic, lacrimal, and maxilla.
◍ cervical vertebrae.
Answer: are smaller than all other vertebrae except those that form the
coccyx. Their vertebral arches, however, are larger. All cervical vertebrae
have three foramina: one vertebral foramen and two transverse foraminafirst
two vertebra of spine - atlas (C1) and axis (C2)
, ◍ clavicular notches.
Answer: found on manubrium - articulate with the medial ends of the
clavicles to form the sternoclavicular joints
◍ fibula.
Answer: parallel and lateral to the tibia, but it is considerably smaller. The
distal end is more arrowhead-shaped and has a projection called the lateral
malleolus that articulates with the talus of the ankle
◍ hyoid bone.
Answer: unique component of the axial skeleton because it does not
articulate with any other bone. Rather, it is suspended from the styloid
processes of the temporal bones by ligaments and muscles
◍ femur.
Answer: aka thigh bone - the longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the
body.
◍ vertebral column.
Answer: makes up about two-fifths of your total height and is composed of a
series of bones called vertebrae. consists of bone and connective tissue; the
spinal cord that it surrounds and protects consists of nervous and connective
tissues
◍ endochondral ossification.
Answer: one of the patterns of embryonic/fetal bone formation; bone forms
within hyaline cartilage that develops from mesenchyme
◍ maxillae.
Answer: unite to form the upper jawbone. They articulate with every bone of
the face except the mandible. Each maxilla contains a large maxillary sinus
that empties into the nasal cavity
◍ vomer.
Answer: a roughly triangular bone on the floor of the nasal cavity, forms the
inferior portion of the bony nasal septum
