BIOL 235 MIDTERM 2 COMPREHENSIVE
STUDY GUIDE 2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◍ What is the principle behind qPCR?.
Answer: It incorporates fluorescence into DNA during amplification,
allowing real-time measurement of DNA quantity.
◍ In domestic chickens, some males display a plumage pattern called cock
feathering. Other males and all females display apattern called hen
feathering. Cock feathering is an autosomal recessive trait that is exhibited
in males only. What type of inheritance is exhibited by this trait?.
Answer: sex-limited
◍ What is the tissue level of structural organization (2).
Answer: - includes tissues- like sentences
◍ flaccidity.
Answer: when the motor neurons serving a skeletal muscle are damaged or
cut this happens-a state of limpness in which muscle tone is lost
◍ slow oxidative fibers.
Answer: appear dark red because they contain large amounts of myoglobin
and blood capillaries -large mitochondria and SO fibres generate ATP
mainly by aerobic respiration endurance and weak tasks-slow because the
myosin heads hydrolyze ATP slowly and contract slow-resistance to fatigue
and are capable of prolonged contraction
◍ myoglobin.
Answer: red protein in muscle cells which binds oxygen molecules that
diffuses into fibres from interstitial fluid
,◍ Na/K pump/ATPase.
Answer: expels Na from cells and brings K in and acts as an ATPase (an
enzyme that hydrolyzes ATP)-both against their gradient and leak back by
passive transport- this achieves low Na in cytosol and high K in cytosol
◍ tonicity.
Answer: the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose
water
◍ flat bones.
Answer: thing with 2 parallel plates of compact tissue enclosing spongy
-protection and muscle attachment with RBM
◍ pericardial serous membrane.
Answer: lines the heart cavity and covers it
◍ osteporosis.
Answer: increased porosity or softening of the boneswhen bone resorption
outpaces bone deposition
◍ structural proteins.
Answer: form framework of body parts
◍ ball and socket joints.
Answer: ball like surface of bone citing into cupcake depression of
another-triaxial shoulder or hip joints
◍ phagocytosis.
Answer: A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or
whole cells-begins when a particle binds to PM receptor on the phagocyte
causing pseudopods
◍ Which of the following statements is NOT true concerning newborn
screening?.
Answer: It is particularly important to test for serious conditions where there
is no treatment available
◍ carcinogenesis.
, Answer: development of cancer
◍ meatus.
Answer: tube-like opening
◍ enzymes (two parts of one).
Answer: proteins that are highly specific, efficient and subject to a variety of
cellular controls
◍ columnar cells.
Answer: tall and protect underlying tissue-cilia and microvilli
◍ filaments (myofilaments).
Answer: protein structures within myofibrils- filaments involved in the
contraction of muscles
◍ 2 layers of serous membrane.
Answer: -pariteal-attached to and lining a cavity-outer-visceral-inside and
covers and adheres to organs in cavity-inner
◍ phospholipids.
Answer: have a glycerol backbone and two fatty acid chains (tails-non polar)
attached to them and a phosphate group at the 3rd carbon (head-polar)
◍ epiphyseal arteries.
Answer: enter the epiphyses of a long bone and supply the red bone marrow
and bone tissue of the epiphyses
◍ refractory period of twitch.
Answer: when a muscle finer receives enough stimulation to contract it
temporarily loses its excitability and cannot respond for a time
◍ occulta spina bifida.
Answer: form of spina bifida in which there are no symptoms besides a
dimple and some hair
◍ Define responsiveness (1).
Answer: the body's ability to detect and respond to changes
, ◍ triglyceride storage in bones.
Answer: yellow bone marrow of mainly adipose cells-potential chemical
energy reserve
◍ What is the role of antisense RNA probes in in situ hybridization?.
Answer: They are complementary to the target mRNA and hybridize within
the intact cellular architecture.
◍ RNA.
Answer: relayes instructions fro genes to guides each cells synthesis of
protein from amino acids
◍ outer fibrous membrane of synovial joint.
Answer: DICT of collagen fibres that attaches to the periosteum of
articulating bone-flexible and allow movement and tensile preventing bones
from dislocating
◍ What are pyrimidines?.
Answer: C, T, and U (single 6-member ring).
◍ glenohumeral joint (shoulder).
Answer: glenoid cavity and head for the shoulder
◍ break down of glucose anaerobicly.
Answer: creates pyruvic acid yielding two ATP
◍ mediastinum cavity.
Answer: between the lugs extending from the sternum to the vertebral
column and first rib down to the diaphragm-heart, thymus, esophagus,
trachea, and BV's but not the lungs
◍ tubercle.
Answer: small rounded projection
◍ Define reproduction (1).
Answer: formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, or
the production of a new individual
◍ gouty arthritis.
STUDY GUIDE 2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◍ What is the principle behind qPCR?.
Answer: It incorporates fluorescence into DNA during amplification,
allowing real-time measurement of DNA quantity.
◍ In domestic chickens, some males display a plumage pattern called cock
feathering. Other males and all females display apattern called hen
feathering. Cock feathering is an autosomal recessive trait that is exhibited
in males only. What type of inheritance is exhibited by this trait?.
Answer: sex-limited
◍ What is the tissue level of structural organization (2).
Answer: - includes tissues- like sentences
◍ flaccidity.
Answer: when the motor neurons serving a skeletal muscle are damaged or
cut this happens-a state of limpness in which muscle tone is lost
◍ slow oxidative fibers.
Answer: appear dark red because they contain large amounts of myoglobin
and blood capillaries -large mitochondria and SO fibres generate ATP
mainly by aerobic respiration endurance and weak tasks-slow because the
myosin heads hydrolyze ATP slowly and contract slow-resistance to fatigue
and are capable of prolonged contraction
◍ myoglobin.
Answer: red protein in muscle cells which binds oxygen molecules that
diffuses into fibres from interstitial fluid
,◍ Na/K pump/ATPase.
Answer: expels Na from cells and brings K in and acts as an ATPase (an
enzyme that hydrolyzes ATP)-both against their gradient and leak back by
passive transport- this achieves low Na in cytosol and high K in cytosol
◍ tonicity.
Answer: the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose
water
◍ flat bones.
Answer: thing with 2 parallel plates of compact tissue enclosing spongy
-protection and muscle attachment with RBM
◍ pericardial serous membrane.
Answer: lines the heart cavity and covers it
◍ osteporosis.
Answer: increased porosity or softening of the boneswhen bone resorption
outpaces bone deposition
◍ structural proteins.
Answer: form framework of body parts
◍ ball and socket joints.
Answer: ball like surface of bone citing into cupcake depression of
another-triaxial shoulder or hip joints
◍ phagocytosis.
Answer: A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or
whole cells-begins when a particle binds to PM receptor on the phagocyte
causing pseudopods
◍ Which of the following statements is NOT true concerning newborn
screening?.
Answer: It is particularly important to test for serious conditions where there
is no treatment available
◍ carcinogenesis.
, Answer: development of cancer
◍ meatus.
Answer: tube-like opening
◍ enzymes (two parts of one).
Answer: proteins that are highly specific, efficient and subject to a variety of
cellular controls
◍ columnar cells.
Answer: tall and protect underlying tissue-cilia and microvilli
◍ filaments (myofilaments).
Answer: protein structures within myofibrils- filaments involved in the
contraction of muscles
◍ 2 layers of serous membrane.
Answer: -pariteal-attached to and lining a cavity-outer-visceral-inside and
covers and adheres to organs in cavity-inner
◍ phospholipids.
Answer: have a glycerol backbone and two fatty acid chains (tails-non polar)
attached to them and a phosphate group at the 3rd carbon (head-polar)
◍ epiphyseal arteries.
Answer: enter the epiphyses of a long bone and supply the red bone marrow
and bone tissue of the epiphyses
◍ refractory period of twitch.
Answer: when a muscle finer receives enough stimulation to contract it
temporarily loses its excitability and cannot respond for a time
◍ occulta spina bifida.
Answer: form of spina bifida in which there are no symptoms besides a
dimple and some hair
◍ Define responsiveness (1).
Answer: the body's ability to detect and respond to changes
, ◍ triglyceride storage in bones.
Answer: yellow bone marrow of mainly adipose cells-potential chemical
energy reserve
◍ What is the role of antisense RNA probes in in situ hybridization?.
Answer: They are complementary to the target mRNA and hybridize within
the intact cellular architecture.
◍ RNA.
Answer: relayes instructions fro genes to guides each cells synthesis of
protein from amino acids
◍ outer fibrous membrane of synovial joint.
Answer: DICT of collagen fibres that attaches to the periosteum of
articulating bone-flexible and allow movement and tensile preventing bones
from dislocating
◍ What are pyrimidines?.
Answer: C, T, and U (single 6-member ring).
◍ glenohumeral joint (shoulder).
Answer: glenoid cavity and head for the shoulder
◍ break down of glucose anaerobicly.
Answer: creates pyruvic acid yielding two ATP
◍ mediastinum cavity.
Answer: between the lugs extending from the sternum to the vertebral
column and first rib down to the diaphragm-heart, thymus, esophagus,
trachea, and BV's but not the lungs
◍ tubercle.
Answer: small rounded projection
◍ Define reproduction (1).
Answer: formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, or
the production of a new individual
◍ gouty arthritis.
