BIOL 235 MIDTERM 2 PRACTICE
EXAMINATION 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ nuclei.
Answer: clusters of neuron cell bodies in the grey mater sensory and motor
nuclei
◍ Current.
Answer: flow of charged particles
◍ Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP).
Answer: average blood pressure in arteriesroughly one third of the way
between systolic and diastolic pressures
◍ epicardium (visceral pericardium).
Answer: outermost transparent layer composed of mesothelium contains
blood vessels and lymphatics
◍ primary visual area.
Answer: Area 17 in the occipital lobe, permits vision
◍ ventricular fibrillation.
Answer: most deadly arrhythmia ventricles quiver instead of contracting
result = circulatory failure, blood ejection ceases, death treatment : CPR,
defibrillation
◍ Slow Pain.
Answer: pain that gradually increases in intensity conduct along
unmyelinateud C fibres chronic/burning/aching ex: toothache
◍ Cardiac Output (CO).
Answer: measurement of the amount of blood ejected from either ventricle
, per minuteCO= SV x HR
◍ When does ventricular filling occur?.
Answer: when ventricular pressure drops below atrial pressure causes AV
valves to open
◍ Tunica Externa.
Answer: outer layer, made of elastic and collagen fibres contains numerous
nerves and blood vessels help anchor vessels to surrounding tissues
◍ presbyopia.
Answer: lens loses elasticity and the ability to curve to focus on objects that
are close
◍ Thalmus.
Answer: 80% of the dicephalon principal relay station for sensory impulses
to cobra cortexcontributes to motor functions, plays a role in maintenance of
consciousness
◍ Brain Stem.
Answer: continuous with the spinal cord medulla oblongata, pons, and
midbrain
◍ Major Histocompatibility antigens (MHC).
Answer: proteins protruding from their cells plasma membrane into ECF=
cell identity markers unique for each person absent on RBCs
◍ Basal cells.
Answer: stem cells that produce new olfactory receptors, continually
undergoing cell division
◍ autorythmic fibers.
Answer: specialized cardiac muscle fibers"self excitable"functions: act as
the pacemaker, form the cardiac conduction system
◍ First class levers.
Answer: The fulcrum is between the effort and the loadex: see saw, scissors
can produce a mechanical advantage and disadvantage in the body: head
, sitting on the Atlanto-axial joint
◍ vermis of cerebellum.
Answer: The tissue between the two cerebellar hemispheres
◍ What are the 3 factors that regulate stroke volume?.
Answer: Preload AfterloadContractility
◍ saltatory conduction.
Answer: occurs in myelinated axonsaction potential jumps from node to
node due to the uneven distribution of voltage gated channels
◍ thyroid follicles.
Answer: sacs that compose most of thyroidmade up of follicular cells which
produce T3 and T4
◍ QRS complex represents.
Answer: ventricular depolarization (ventricular systole)
◍ Cerebrum.
Answer: largest part of the brainsupported on the dicephalon and brain
stem"seat of intelligence"ability to read, write, and speak
◍ What factors affect the speed of propagation?.
Answer: - amount of myelination- axon diameter - Temperature (low
temp=low speed)
◍ what is the effect of hypothermia on the heart?.
Answer: decreased HR and strength of contraction Hypothermia slows
metabolism
◍ arachnoid villi.
Answer: fingerlike extensions of arachnoid mater where CSF is reabsorbed
back into the blood
◍ graded potential.
Answer: a small deviation from the resting membrane potential that makes
the membrane either more (inside more negative) or less polarized(inside
less negative)Variable electrical strengths when mechanical or ligand-gated
, channels open (dendrites & cell bodies)transmitted over short distances do
not have a refractory period
◍ frontal eye field area.
Answer: sometimes included in the premotor area-controls voluntary
scanning movements of the eyes—like those you just used in reading this
sentence.
◍ anastomoses.
Answer: connection between two arteries supplying blood to the same
regionprovide alternate routes if one artery becomes occluded
◍ Autoregulation.
Answer: the ability of tissues to automatically regulate its blood flow to
meet its metabolic demands
◍ Somatic Nervous System (SNS).
Answer: the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary
movement of skeletal muscles ONLYContains: receptors for special senses,
sensory receptors from the head, body wall, and limbs
◍ pain threshold.
Answer: The smallest intensity of a painful stimulus at which a person
perceives painall individuals have the SAME pain threshold
◍ extensor carpi radialis longus.
Answer: extends and abducts hand at wrist joint
◍ Nodes of Ranvier.
Answer: Gaps in the myelin sheath which voltage-gated sodium channels
are confined.
◍ Accommodation.
Answer: the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or
far objects on the retinaincrease in curvature for near vision
◍ decremental conduction.
Answer: graded potentials die out as they spread along the membraneuseful
EXAMINATION 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ nuclei.
Answer: clusters of neuron cell bodies in the grey mater sensory and motor
nuclei
◍ Current.
Answer: flow of charged particles
◍ Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP).
Answer: average blood pressure in arteriesroughly one third of the way
between systolic and diastolic pressures
◍ epicardium (visceral pericardium).
Answer: outermost transparent layer composed of mesothelium contains
blood vessels and lymphatics
◍ primary visual area.
Answer: Area 17 in the occipital lobe, permits vision
◍ ventricular fibrillation.
Answer: most deadly arrhythmia ventricles quiver instead of contracting
result = circulatory failure, blood ejection ceases, death treatment : CPR,
defibrillation
◍ Slow Pain.
Answer: pain that gradually increases in intensity conduct along
unmyelinateud C fibres chronic/burning/aching ex: toothache
◍ Cardiac Output (CO).
Answer: measurement of the amount of blood ejected from either ventricle
, per minuteCO= SV x HR
◍ When does ventricular filling occur?.
Answer: when ventricular pressure drops below atrial pressure causes AV
valves to open
◍ Tunica Externa.
Answer: outer layer, made of elastic and collagen fibres contains numerous
nerves and blood vessels help anchor vessels to surrounding tissues
◍ presbyopia.
Answer: lens loses elasticity and the ability to curve to focus on objects that
are close
◍ Thalmus.
Answer: 80% of the dicephalon principal relay station for sensory impulses
to cobra cortexcontributes to motor functions, plays a role in maintenance of
consciousness
◍ Brain Stem.
Answer: continuous with the spinal cord medulla oblongata, pons, and
midbrain
◍ Major Histocompatibility antigens (MHC).
Answer: proteins protruding from their cells plasma membrane into ECF=
cell identity markers unique for each person absent on RBCs
◍ Basal cells.
Answer: stem cells that produce new olfactory receptors, continually
undergoing cell division
◍ autorythmic fibers.
Answer: specialized cardiac muscle fibers"self excitable"functions: act as
the pacemaker, form the cardiac conduction system
◍ First class levers.
Answer: The fulcrum is between the effort and the loadex: see saw, scissors
can produce a mechanical advantage and disadvantage in the body: head
, sitting on the Atlanto-axial joint
◍ vermis of cerebellum.
Answer: The tissue between the two cerebellar hemispheres
◍ What are the 3 factors that regulate stroke volume?.
Answer: Preload AfterloadContractility
◍ saltatory conduction.
Answer: occurs in myelinated axonsaction potential jumps from node to
node due to the uneven distribution of voltage gated channels
◍ thyroid follicles.
Answer: sacs that compose most of thyroidmade up of follicular cells which
produce T3 and T4
◍ QRS complex represents.
Answer: ventricular depolarization (ventricular systole)
◍ Cerebrum.
Answer: largest part of the brainsupported on the dicephalon and brain
stem"seat of intelligence"ability to read, write, and speak
◍ What factors affect the speed of propagation?.
Answer: - amount of myelination- axon diameter - Temperature (low
temp=low speed)
◍ what is the effect of hypothermia on the heart?.
Answer: decreased HR and strength of contraction Hypothermia slows
metabolism
◍ arachnoid villi.
Answer: fingerlike extensions of arachnoid mater where CSF is reabsorbed
back into the blood
◍ graded potential.
Answer: a small deviation from the resting membrane potential that makes
the membrane either more (inside more negative) or less polarized(inside
less negative)Variable electrical strengths when mechanical or ligand-gated
, channels open (dendrites & cell bodies)transmitted over short distances do
not have a refractory period
◍ frontal eye field area.
Answer: sometimes included in the premotor area-controls voluntary
scanning movements of the eyes—like those you just used in reading this
sentence.
◍ anastomoses.
Answer: connection between two arteries supplying blood to the same
regionprovide alternate routes if one artery becomes occluded
◍ Autoregulation.
Answer: the ability of tissues to automatically regulate its blood flow to
meet its metabolic demands
◍ Somatic Nervous System (SNS).
Answer: the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary
movement of skeletal muscles ONLYContains: receptors for special senses,
sensory receptors from the head, body wall, and limbs
◍ pain threshold.
Answer: The smallest intensity of a painful stimulus at which a person
perceives painall individuals have the SAME pain threshold
◍ extensor carpi radialis longus.
Answer: extends and abducts hand at wrist joint
◍ Nodes of Ranvier.
Answer: Gaps in the myelin sheath which voltage-gated sodium channels
are confined.
◍ Accommodation.
Answer: the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or
far objects on the retinaincrease in curvature for near vision
◍ decremental conduction.
Answer: graded potentials die out as they spread along the membraneuseful
