BIOL 322 STUDY GUIDE 2026 TEST PAPER
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
●● Interspecific comparisons.
Answer: identify sequences conserved over evolutionary time and thus
facilitate the annotation of genomes and provide insight into the
evolution of genes and organismal diversity
●● Intraspecific comparisons.
Answer: identify sequence polymorphisms that are responsible for the
genetic differences within population of a single species
●● tree of life.
Answer: the phylogenetic tree depicting the evolutionary relationships
between organisms
●● Homologous nucleotides.
Answer: those that are descended from the same nucleotide in the
common ancestor of two species being compared
●● nodes.
Answer: evolutionary branch point in a phylogenetic tree
, ●● nucleotide blast (blastn).
Answer: a nucleotide query sequence is compared with nucleotide
sequences in the database
●● tblastn.
Answer: protein query sequence is compared with the nucleotide
databases, hypothetically translated into all six potential reading frames
●● tblastx.
Answer: nucelotide query sequence is translated into all six possible
reading frames and compared against the nucleotide sequences in the
database, also translated into all six possible reading frames
●● gene duplication by duplication of genomic DNA.
Answer: duplication of genetic material can duplicate a portion of a
gene, a single gene, a chromosome or chromosome segment, or the
entire genome
●● gene duplication by unequal crossover.
Answer: in a special case of gene duplication, one or more genes can be
duplicated by unequal crossover due to misalignment of homologous
chromosomes at synapsis during prophase I of meiosis
gene duplication by unequal crossover is indicated by the detection of
tandem repeats, or back-to-back copies, of genetic material
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
●● Interspecific comparisons.
Answer: identify sequences conserved over evolutionary time and thus
facilitate the annotation of genomes and provide insight into the
evolution of genes and organismal diversity
●● Intraspecific comparisons.
Answer: identify sequence polymorphisms that are responsible for the
genetic differences within population of a single species
●● tree of life.
Answer: the phylogenetic tree depicting the evolutionary relationships
between organisms
●● Homologous nucleotides.
Answer: those that are descended from the same nucleotide in the
common ancestor of two species being compared
●● nodes.
Answer: evolutionary branch point in a phylogenetic tree
, ●● nucleotide blast (blastn).
Answer: a nucleotide query sequence is compared with nucleotide
sequences in the database
●● tblastn.
Answer: protein query sequence is compared with the nucleotide
databases, hypothetically translated into all six potential reading frames
●● tblastx.
Answer: nucelotide query sequence is translated into all six possible
reading frames and compared against the nucleotide sequences in the
database, also translated into all six possible reading frames
●● gene duplication by duplication of genomic DNA.
Answer: duplication of genetic material can duplicate a portion of a
gene, a single gene, a chromosome or chromosome segment, or the
entire genome
●● gene duplication by unequal crossover.
Answer: in a special case of gene duplication, one or more genes can be
duplicated by unequal crossover due to misalignment of homologous
chromosomes at synapsis during prophase I of meiosis
gene duplication by unequal crossover is indicated by the detection of
tandem repeats, or back-to-back copies, of genetic material
