,Contents
Chapter 1 Speaking of Statistics...................................................................................... 1
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Chapter 2 Measurement in Statistics ............................................................................. 13
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Chapter 3 Visual Displays of Data................................................................................ 21
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Chapter 4 Describing Data ............................................................................................ 44
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Chapter 5 A Normal World ........................................................................................... 63
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Chapter 6 Probability in Statistics ................................................................................. 71
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Chapter 7 Correlation and Causality ............................................................................. 83
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Chapter 8 Inferences from Samples to Populations .................................................... 100
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Chapter 9 Hypothesis Testing ..................................................................................... 108
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Chapter 10 t Tests, Two-Way Tables, and ANOVA .................................................. 123
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Answers ........................................................................................................................... 135
iii
,Statistical Reasoning for Everyday Life
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Chapter 1 (Speaking of Statistics) Exam, form A
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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or
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answers the question.
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For problems 1 and 2, determine whether the evaluated group is a population or a sample.
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1) The average (mean) age of all 63 Associate Professors at Cliffton University is 47 years.
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A) Population B) Sample ma
2) A researcher examines the property tax records of 84 property owners in one city and finds that
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17% are behind in their tax payments.
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A) Population B) Sample ma
For problems 3 and 4, determine whether the given value is a statistic or a parameter.
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3) The average (mean) age of all 63 Associate Professors at Cliffton University is 47 years.
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A) Statistic B) Parameter ma
4) A researcher examines the property tax records of 84 property owners in one city and finds that
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17% are behind in their tax payments.
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A) Statistic B) Parameter ma
5) Following the Republican National Convention, a poll of 600 voters in a central Illinois commun
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ity showed that 57% expected the Republican ticket to win over the Democrat ticket no matter wh
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om the Democrats chose for vice-
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president. The margin of error was 4 percentage points. There are 25,000 registered voters in the
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community. Which range of values is likely to contain the population parameter?
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A) 13,250 to 15,250 B) 24,400 to 25,600
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C) 318 to 366 ma ma D) 53% to 61%
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6) A poll of 488 citizens of Normal, Illinois, showed that 65% favored strict enforcement of speed li
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mits with a margin of error of 4%. A second poll of 495 citizens of the same town showed that 34
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% favored strict enforcement of speed limits. Assuming that proper sampling techniques were used
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in both polls, one may conclude that
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A) the percent of the population that favors strict enforcement of speed limits is 49.5% 8%.
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B) the percent of the population that favors strict enforcement of speed limits is 49.5% 4%.
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C) one or both of the samples may have been unlikely samples from the population.
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D) the percent of the population that favors strict enforcement of speed limits is 65% 8%.
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7) A poll of 700 attendees of the Taste of Chicago showed that 445 attendees, 65% of the sample, b
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elieved that the food was overpriced. It is estimated that 1,250,000 people attend the Taste. Althou
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gh 65% plus or minus 5% of attendees believe that the food is overpriced, the Taste is a popular
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event. The raw data of the study is (are)
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A) 65% of the sample. ma ma ma
B) 700 attendees, 455 attendees. ma ma ma
C) 1,250,000 attendees, 700 attendees, 455 attendees. ma ma ma ma ma
D) (60%, 70%) ma
8) A student wanted to know the favorite lunch at a large high school with a closed campus. What i
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s the first step in conducting a statistical study to answer the question?
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A) Select a random sample of students. ma ma ma ma ma
B) Precisely state the goal of the study. ma ma ma ma ma ma
C) Select a random sample of students and teachers. ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
D) Select a random sample of teachers. ma ma ma ma ma
1
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc ma ma ma ma ma
.
, For problems 9 and 10, determine whether the statement is based on census data or samp
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le data.
ma
9) The average (mean) age of all 63 Associate Professors at Cliffton University is 47 years.
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A) Census data ma B) Sample data ma ma
10) A researcher determines that 17% of 84 property owners in a large city are behind in their
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tax payments.
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A) Census data ma B) Sample data ma ma
For problems 11 and 12, select the most representative sample of the population of interest.
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11) A college student who does laundry infrequently wants to determine the effect of stain remover
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on what should be white clothes.
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A) Reports of two friends, one of whom was given stain remover.
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B) The reports of an internet chatroom on laundry techniques.
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C) Two loads of personal wash, one with, one without stain remover.
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D) Two loads of wash, one personal, one of a friend, the stain remover assigned by a coin flip.
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12) The father of a junior high school student wants to determine the most popular book among junior
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high students. Select the sample with the least potential bias.
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A) A randomly selected group of 10 book sellers
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B) A randomly selected group of 30 junior high students
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C) A randomly selected group of 30 junior high students leaving the public library
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D) The group of 30 junior high students attending the birthday party of the researcher’s child
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For problems 13 and 14, identify the sampling technique that was used.
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13) A sample consists of every 49th student from a group of 496 students.
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A) Systematic
B) Cluster
C) Convenience
D) Random
E) Stratified
14) To avoid working late, a quality-control analyst simply inspects the first 100 items produced in a day.
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A) Systematic
B) Cluster
C) Convenience
D) Random
E) Stratified
For problems 15 and 16, determine whether the study is experimental or observational?
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15) A marketing firm does a survey to find out how many people use a product. Of the 100 pe
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ople contacted, 15 said they use the product.
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A) Observational B) Experimental ma
16) Two samples of fish are taken from a river upstream and downstream of a factory to measure the e
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ffect of pollution from the factory on the fish.
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A) Observational B) Experimental ma
2
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc ma ma ma ma ma
.
Chapter 1 Speaking of Statistics...................................................................................... 1
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Chapter 2 Measurement in Statistics ............................................................................. 13
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Chapter 3 Visual Displays of Data................................................................................ 21
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Chapter 4 Describing Data ............................................................................................ 44
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Chapter 5 A Normal World ........................................................................................... 63
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Chapter 6 Probability in Statistics ................................................................................. 71
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Chapter 7 Correlation and Causality ............................................................................. 83
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Chapter 8 Inferences from Samples to Populations .................................................... 100
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Chapter 9 Hypothesis Testing ..................................................................................... 108
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Chapter 10 t Tests, Two-Way Tables, and ANOVA .................................................. 123
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Answers ........................................................................................................................... 135
iii
,Statistical Reasoning for Everyday Life
ma ma ma ma
Chapter 1 (Speaking of Statistics) Exam, form A
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma m
answers the question.
a ma ma
For problems 1 and 2, determine whether the evaluated group is a population or a sample.
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
1) The average (mean) age of all 63 Associate Professors at Cliffton University is 47 years.
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
A) Population B) Sample ma
2) A researcher examines the property tax records of 84 property owners in one city and finds that
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
17% are behind in their tax payments.
ma ma ma ma ma ma
A) Population B) Sample ma
For problems 3 and 4, determine whether the given value is a statistic or a parameter.
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
3) The average (mean) age of all 63 Associate Professors at Cliffton University is 47 years.
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
A) Statistic B) Parameter ma
4) A researcher examines the property tax records of 84 property owners in one city and finds that
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
17% are behind in their tax payments.
ma ma ma ma ma ma
A) Statistic B) Parameter ma
5) Following the Republican National Convention, a poll of 600 voters in a central Illinois commun
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
ity showed that 57% expected the Republican ticket to win over the Democrat ticket no matter wh
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
om the Democrats chose for vice-
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president. The margin of error was 4 percentage points. There are 25,000 registered voters in the
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma m
community. Which range of values is likely to contain the population parameter?
a ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
A) 13,250 to 15,250 B) 24,400 to 25,600
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C) 318 to 366 ma ma D) 53% to 61%
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6) A poll of 488 citizens of Normal, Illinois, showed that 65% favored strict enforcement of speed li
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
mits with a margin of error of 4%. A second poll of 495 citizens of the same town showed that 34
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
% favored strict enforcement of speed limits. Assuming that proper sampling techniques were used
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
in both polls, one may conclude that
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
A) the percent of the population that favors strict enforcement of speed limits is 49.5% 8%.
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
B) the percent of the population that favors strict enforcement of speed limits is 49.5% 4%.
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
C) one or both of the samples may have been unlikely samples from the population.
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
D) the percent of the population that favors strict enforcement of speed limits is 65% 8%.
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
7) A poll of 700 attendees of the Taste of Chicago showed that 445 attendees, 65% of the sample, b
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
elieved that the food was overpriced. It is estimated that 1,250,000 people attend the Taste. Althou
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
gh 65% plus or minus 5% of attendees believe that the food is overpriced, the Taste is a popular
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
event. The raw data of the study is (are)
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A) 65% of the sample. ma ma ma
B) 700 attendees, 455 attendees. ma ma ma
C) 1,250,000 attendees, 700 attendees, 455 attendees. ma ma ma ma ma
D) (60%, 70%) ma
8) A student wanted to know the favorite lunch at a large high school with a closed campus. What i
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
s the first step in conducting a statistical study to answer the question?
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A) Select a random sample of students. ma ma ma ma ma
B) Precisely state the goal of the study. ma ma ma ma ma ma
C) Select a random sample of students and teachers. ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
D) Select a random sample of teachers. ma ma ma ma ma
1
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc ma ma ma ma ma
.
, For problems 9 and 10, determine whether the statement is based on census data or samp
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
le data.
ma
9) The average (mean) age of all 63 Associate Professors at Cliffton University is 47 years.
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
A) Census data ma B) Sample data ma ma
10) A researcher determines that 17% of 84 property owners in a large city are behind in their
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
tax payments.
ma ma
A) Census data ma B) Sample data ma ma
For problems 11 and 12, select the most representative sample of the population of interest.
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
11) A college student who does laundry infrequently wants to determine the effect of stain remover
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
on what should be white clothes.
ma ma ma ma ma ma
A) Reports of two friends, one of whom was given stain remover.
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
B) The reports of an internet chatroom on laundry techniques.
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
C) Two loads of personal wash, one with, one without stain remover.
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
D) Two loads of wash, one personal, one of a friend, the stain remover assigned by a coin flip.
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
12) The father of a junior high school student wants to determine the most popular book among junior
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
high students. Select the sample with the least potential bias.
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A) A randomly selected group of 10 book sellers
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B) A randomly selected group of 30 junior high students
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C) A randomly selected group of 30 junior high students leaving the public library
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D) The group of 30 junior high students attending the birthday party of the researcher’s child
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
For problems 13 and 14, identify the sampling technique that was used.
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13) A sample consists of every 49th student from a group of 496 students.
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A) Systematic
B) Cluster
C) Convenience
D) Random
E) Stratified
14) To avoid working late, a quality-control analyst simply inspects the first 100 items produced in a day.
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
A) Systematic
B) Cluster
C) Convenience
D) Random
E) Stratified
For problems 15 and 16, determine whether the study is experimental or observational?
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
15) A marketing firm does a survey to find out how many people use a product. Of the 100 pe
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
ople contacted, 15 said they use the product.
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
A) Observational B) Experimental ma
16) Two samples of fish are taken from a river upstream and downstream of a factory to measure the e
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
ffect of pollution from the factory on the fish.
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
A) Observational B) Experimental ma
2
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc ma ma ma ma ma
.
