BIOLOGY 1108 FINAL STUDY GUIDE 2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
●● species.
Answer: individuals that are able to exchange genetic material
●● gene pool.
Answer: all alleles present in individuals of that species
●● populations.
Answer: interbreeding groups of organisms of the same species living in
the same geographical area
●● what are two main sources that lead to genetic variation?.
Answer: mutation and recombination
●● what can somatic mutations lead to?.
Answer: cancer, disease and even death to an INDIVIDUAL
●● what can germ line mutations lead to?.
Answer: mutations that are passed down to offspring
,●● recombination; name two ways it can occur.
Answer: new alleles may be generated through crossing over and
independent assortment
●● allele frequency.
Answer: rate of occurrences of alleles in a population
●● gene locus.
Answer: the location of a certain gene/allele
●● allele.
Answer: a form of a gene; one copy of a gene
example: A, a
●● how is genetic variation measured?.
Answer: through the allele frequency equation
●● what is the allele frequency equation?.
Answer: AF=(# of copies of an allele)/(total # of alleles in population)
●● evolution.
,Answer: change in allele frequency or genotype frequency over time
●● how is evolution measured?.
Answer: examinable physical traits, gel electrophoresis, DNA
sequences;
most importantly: the hardy-weinberg equilibrium
●● what does the hardy-weinberg equilibrium model describe?.
Answer: the situation in which evolution does NOT occur
●● a population in the HW equilibrium meets what requirements?.
Answer: 1. closed population (no migration or gene flow)
2. no mutations
3. large population (no genetic drift)
4. random mating (no sexual selection)
5. no natural selection
●● what is the HW equation?.
Answer: p^2 + 2pq + q^2
●● natural selection occurs when....
, Answer: ...individuals with certain traits reproduce more offspring than
do individuals without those traits
●● stabilizing selection.
Answer: against the extremes
●● directional selection.
Answer: against one extreme
●● disruptive selection.
Answer: against the mean
STRONG and QUICK
●● artificial selection.
Answer: selection by breeder rather than competition
●● positive selection.
Answer: selection that increases the frequency of a FAVORABLE allele
●● negative selection.
Answer: selection that decreases the frequency of a deleterious allele
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
●● species.
Answer: individuals that are able to exchange genetic material
●● gene pool.
Answer: all alleles present in individuals of that species
●● populations.
Answer: interbreeding groups of organisms of the same species living in
the same geographical area
●● what are two main sources that lead to genetic variation?.
Answer: mutation and recombination
●● what can somatic mutations lead to?.
Answer: cancer, disease and even death to an INDIVIDUAL
●● what can germ line mutations lead to?.
Answer: mutations that are passed down to offspring
,●● recombination; name two ways it can occur.
Answer: new alleles may be generated through crossing over and
independent assortment
●● allele frequency.
Answer: rate of occurrences of alleles in a population
●● gene locus.
Answer: the location of a certain gene/allele
●● allele.
Answer: a form of a gene; one copy of a gene
example: A, a
●● how is genetic variation measured?.
Answer: through the allele frequency equation
●● what is the allele frequency equation?.
Answer: AF=(# of copies of an allele)/(total # of alleles in population)
●● evolution.
,Answer: change in allele frequency or genotype frequency over time
●● how is evolution measured?.
Answer: examinable physical traits, gel electrophoresis, DNA
sequences;
most importantly: the hardy-weinberg equilibrium
●● what does the hardy-weinberg equilibrium model describe?.
Answer: the situation in which evolution does NOT occur
●● a population in the HW equilibrium meets what requirements?.
Answer: 1. closed population (no migration or gene flow)
2. no mutations
3. large population (no genetic drift)
4. random mating (no sexual selection)
5. no natural selection
●● what is the HW equation?.
Answer: p^2 + 2pq + q^2
●● natural selection occurs when....
, Answer: ...individuals with certain traits reproduce more offspring than
do individuals without those traits
●● stabilizing selection.
Answer: against the extremes
●● directional selection.
Answer: against one extreme
●● disruptive selection.
Answer: against the mean
STRONG and QUICK
●● artificial selection.
Answer: selection by breeder rather than competition
●● positive selection.
Answer: selection that increases the frequency of a FAVORABLE allele
●● negative selection.
Answer: selection that decreases the frequency of a deleterious allele
