BKAT MED-SURG ACTUAL EXAM
PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ Heart.
Answer: Anatomy of the _____ : -In a sac of two layers: parietal and
visceral. Pumping: systole Resting: Diastole Each beat pumps about 60 mL
of blood or 5mL/min The pericardium protects.
◍ 1. Heart becomes stiff = decreased stroke volume (amt ejected with each
cycle)2. Coronary arteries get dilated and calcify3. SA nodes lose cells =
cardiac dysrhythmia4. Arterial walls get thick and lose elasticity 5. Veins
lose elasticity = varicose veins = weak muscles.
Answer: What are age related changes to the cardiovascular system?
◍ 1. Telemetry - continuous cardiac rate and rhythm monitor2. ECG
(electrocardiogram)- Records electrical impulses3. Echocardiogram - Size
shape and movement of heart (pt on left side).
Answer: Types of Diagnostic Tests?
◍ Images of the wall thickness, presence of clots, ejection fraction. Patient is
in left-side lying position and is NPO after midnight, consent needed.
Answer: What is the Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)?
◍ Determines size and patency of coronary arteries. A catheter is inserted into
femoral or radial artery, then contrast dye is injected. This requires a
consent, NPO after midnight, ALLERGY TO IODINE, SHELLFISH, OR
CONTRAST DYE?; monitors ejection fraction.
Answer: What is a cardiac catheterization?
◍ Assess pulses for parasthesia then reassess distal to femoral insertion site,
two nurses must inspect the insertion site, patient is flat with leg extended,
, ambulate in 2 hours if angioseal used or 6 hours if not, FLUIDS IV and
Oral.
Answer: Nursing care for cardiac catheterization?
◍ 1. Myoglobin: released when a muscle is damaged (IF ELEVATED
MEANS MI), not specific2. Troponin: proteins in heart muscle released
when damaged (ELEVATED 4-6 hours AFTER MI)3. CK-MB: Isoenzymes
released 4. BNP: Degree of fluid overload (heart failure, crackles) (not
specific)5. CPK: An enzyme in heart, brain and skeletal muscle
(ELEVATED 4-8 hours after MI or injury to other muscles (not specific)6.
Serum Lipids: Elevation of cholesterol is rf for atherosclerotic heart disease.
Answer: What are common cardiac labs and what do they mean?
◍ Muscular Wall (Septum).
Answer: Seperates the heart into two halves: Right and Left Each half has an
atrium and ventricle.
◍ Myoglobin - 10-65/95 , Troponin - 0-0.2, CK-MB - <3 , BNP - <100 , CPK
- 30-135 (W) 55-170 (M), Serum lipids - chol (150-200), HDL (30-80),
LDL 60-180) Trigl (40-150).
Answer: What are cardiac lab normal values?
◍ Right Atrium.
Answer: The ___ Atrium: -Receives deoxygenated blood-- which is returned
from the body through the superior and inferior vena cava.
◍ Right ventricle.
Answer: The ___ ventricle: -Muscular pump behind the sternum. When L
ventricle is almost full, the L atrium contracts-- pumping the remaining
blood volume.
◍ Atrioventricular Valves (2).
Answer: Seperate the ATRIA from the VENTRICLES. Tricusupid and
Mitral valves When closed, S1 sound.
◍ Tricuspid Valves.
Answer: Seperate the right atrium from the right ventricle Opens during
, diastole of filling and flows into right ventricle.
◍ Thiazides, Loop Diuretics, K-sparing diureticsTeach: Daily weights and
drink electrolytes, don't take at night the boogey man gone jack it.
Answer: Medications for vascular disorders? diuretics. Teaching?
◍ 1. Beta blockers (-olol) lowers CO by decreasing HR/bp and contractility2.
ACE (-pril) stops vasoconstriction lowering BP(orth hypo)3. Calcium
channel blockers : dilation of arterioles lowering BP.
Answer: Medications for vascular disorders? antihypertensives
◍ Mitral valve.
Answer: Bicuspid: seperates the LA from the LV.
◍ Semilunar Valves.
Answer: Prevent blood flow from flowing back into the ventricles during
diastole. Pulmonic and Aortic valves When closed, S2 sound
◍ it prevents clots in the atrium, the goal is to get INR/PT of 2-3 and to reverse
vitamin K overdose.
Answer: Whats up with warfarin?
◍ PT: 11-12.5 sec; INR: 0.9-1.2 sec.
Answer: What is the normal INR/PT?
◍ Dangle them legs and monitor the BP- orthostatic hypotension.
Answer: What should we consider when giving antihypertensives and
warfarin?
◍ low-fat high-fiber, sodium reduced, hypokalemia foods; 7-12lbs can lower
BP; no liver (cholesterol), caffeine restriction.
Answer: What can obese people do to lower Blood pressure?
◍ Pulmonic Valve.
Answer: Seperates the RV from the pulmoary artery
◍ Aortic Valves.
Answer: Seperates the LV from the aorta
, ◍ Coronary Artery.
Answer: Important function actions electrical current, coronary arteries, and
pumping action. Blood flow to the myocardium occurs primarily during
DIASTOLE, when coronary vascular resistence is minimized. To maintain
adequate blood flow through the coronary arterires- mean arterial pressure
(MAP) MUST be at least 60mmHg.
◍ increased pulse, irritability, confusion, disorientation (Cerebral anoxia),
altered mentation.
Answer: Signs of changing 02?
◍ 60-70.
Answer: MAP between __ to __ is necessary to maintain PERFUSION of
major body organs, such as the kidneys and brain. FORMULA: -Diastolic
BP (x) 2 (+) Systolic BP (divided) by 3
◍ Relieves dyspnea and hypoxia; when chest pain begins.
Answer: Benefits oxygen therapy and when is it needed in cardiac patients?
◍ Bradycardia.
Answer: When would a patient receive a pacemaker/ICD?
◍ Emergent; a "temporary transvenous pacing"; local anesthesia used; wires
can easily dislodge and cause a cardiac tamponade (too much fluid/pressure
in pericardial sac).
Answer: what is an external pacemaker?
◍ L anterior descending (LAD) branch.
Answer: Left main artery divides into two branches: ____ Branch:
-Descends toward the anterior wall and the apex of the L ventricle. -Supplies
blood to portion of the LV, VS, chordae tendinae, papillary muscle and RV
◍ when too much fluid accumulates in the pericardium and decreases cardiac
output; low bp, muffled heart sounds, JVD; pericardiocentesis;
PROPHYLACTIC ABX NEEDED BEFORE DENTAL PROCEDURES.
Answer: what is a cardiac tamponade? S/S? Tx?
PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ Heart.
Answer: Anatomy of the _____ : -In a sac of two layers: parietal and
visceral. Pumping: systole Resting: Diastole Each beat pumps about 60 mL
of blood or 5mL/min The pericardium protects.
◍ 1. Heart becomes stiff = decreased stroke volume (amt ejected with each
cycle)2. Coronary arteries get dilated and calcify3. SA nodes lose cells =
cardiac dysrhythmia4. Arterial walls get thick and lose elasticity 5. Veins
lose elasticity = varicose veins = weak muscles.
Answer: What are age related changes to the cardiovascular system?
◍ 1. Telemetry - continuous cardiac rate and rhythm monitor2. ECG
(electrocardiogram)- Records electrical impulses3. Echocardiogram - Size
shape and movement of heart (pt on left side).
Answer: Types of Diagnostic Tests?
◍ Images of the wall thickness, presence of clots, ejection fraction. Patient is
in left-side lying position and is NPO after midnight, consent needed.
Answer: What is the Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)?
◍ Determines size and patency of coronary arteries. A catheter is inserted into
femoral or radial artery, then contrast dye is injected. This requires a
consent, NPO after midnight, ALLERGY TO IODINE, SHELLFISH, OR
CONTRAST DYE?; monitors ejection fraction.
Answer: What is a cardiac catheterization?
◍ Assess pulses for parasthesia then reassess distal to femoral insertion site,
two nurses must inspect the insertion site, patient is flat with leg extended,
, ambulate in 2 hours if angioseal used or 6 hours if not, FLUIDS IV and
Oral.
Answer: Nursing care for cardiac catheterization?
◍ 1. Myoglobin: released when a muscle is damaged (IF ELEVATED
MEANS MI), not specific2. Troponin: proteins in heart muscle released
when damaged (ELEVATED 4-6 hours AFTER MI)3. CK-MB: Isoenzymes
released 4. BNP: Degree of fluid overload (heart failure, crackles) (not
specific)5. CPK: An enzyme in heart, brain and skeletal muscle
(ELEVATED 4-8 hours after MI or injury to other muscles (not specific)6.
Serum Lipids: Elevation of cholesterol is rf for atherosclerotic heart disease.
Answer: What are common cardiac labs and what do they mean?
◍ Muscular Wall (Septum).
Answer: Seperates the heart into two halves: Right and Left Each half has an
atrium and ventricle.
◍ Myoglobin - 10-65/95 , Troponin - 0-0.2, CK-MB - <3 , BNP - <100 , CPK
- 30-135 (W) 55-170 (M), Serum lipids - chol (150-200), HDL (30-80),
LDL 60-180) Trigl (40-150).
Answer: What are cardiac lab normal values?
◍ Right Atrium.
Answer: The ___ Atrium: -Receives deoxygenated blood-- which is returned
from the body through the superior and inferior vena cava.
◍ Right ventricle.
Answer: The ___ ventricle: -Muscular pump behind the sternum. When L
ventricle is almost full, the L atrium contracts-- pumping the remaining
blood volume.
◍ Atrioventricular Valves (2).
Answer: Seperate the ATRIA from the VENTRICLES. Tricusupid and
Mitral valves When closed, S1 sound.
◍ Tricuspid Valves.
Answer: Seperate the right atrium from the right ventricle Opens during
, diastole of filling and flows into right ventricle.
◍ Thiazides, Loop Diuretics, K-sparing diureticsTeach: Daily weights and
drink electrolytes, don't take at night the boogey man gone jack it.
Answer: Medications for vascular disorders? diuretics. Teaching?
◍ 1. Beta blockers (-olol) lowers CO by decreasing HR/bp and contractility2.
ACE (-pril) stops vasoconstriction lowering BP(orth hypo)3. Calcium
channel blockers : dilation of arterioles lowering BP.
Answer: Medications for vascular disorders? antihypertensives
◍ Mitral valve.
Answer: Bicuspid: seperates the LA from the LV.
◍ Semilunar Valves.
Answer: Prevent blood flow from flowing back into the ventricles during
diastole. Pulmonic and Aortic valves When closed, S2 sound
◍ it prevents clots in the atrium, the goal is to get INR/PT of 2-3 and to reverse
vitamin K overdose.
Answer: Whats up with warfarin?
◍ PT: 11-12.5 sec; INR: 0.9-1.2 sec.
Answer: What is the normal INR/PT?
◍ Dangle them legs and monitor the BP- orthostatic hypotension.
Answer: What should we consider when giving antihypertensives and
warfarin?
◍ low-fat high-fiber, sodium reduced, hypokalemia foods; 7-12lbs can lower
BP; no liver (cholesterol), caffeine restriction.
Answer: What can obese people do to lower Blood pressure?
◍ Pulmonic Valve.
Answer: Seperates the RV from the pulmoary artery
◍ Aortic Valves.
Answer: Seperates the LV from the aorta
, ◍ Coronary Artery.
Answer: Important function actions electrical current, coronary arteries, and
pumping action. Blood flow to the myocardium occurs primarily during
DIASTOLE, when coronary vascular resistence is minimized. To maintain
adequate blood flow through the coronary arterires- mean arterial pressure
(MAP) MUST be at least 60mmHg.
◍ increased pulse, irritability, confusion, disorientation (Cerebral anoxia),
altered mentation.
Answer: Signs of changing 02?
◍ 60-70.
Answer: MAP between __ to __ is necessary to maintain PERFUSION of
major body organs, such as the kidneys and brain. FORMULA: -Diastolic
BP (x) 2 (+) Systolic BP (divided) by 3
◍ Relieves dyspnea and hypoxia; when chest pain begins.
Answer: Benefits oxygen therapy and when is it needed in cardiac patients?
◍ Bradycardia.
Answer: When would a patient receive a pacemaker/ICD?
◍ Emergent; a "temporary transvenous pacing"; local anesthesia used; wires
can easily dislodge and cause a cardiac tamponade (too much fluid/pressure
in pericardial sac).
Answer: what is an external pacemaker?
◍ L anterior descending (LAD) branch.
Answer: Left main artery divides into two branches: ____ Branch:
-Descends toward the anterior wall and the apex of the L ventricle. -Supplies
blood to portion of the LV, VS, chordae tendinae, papillary muscle and RV
◍ when too much fluid accumulates in the pericardium and decreases cardiac
output; low bp, muffled heart sounds, JVD; pericardiocentesis;
PROPHYLACTIC ABX NEEDED BEFORE DENTAL PROCEDURES.
Answer: what is a cardiac tamponade? S/S? Tx?
