NRSG 265 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS (GRADED A+) LATEST
UPDATED 2026
Question: What are the three primary physiological mechanisms performed by
nephrons to process fluid and form urine?
✔✔ Answer:
Glomerular Filtration: The initial movement of water and solutes out of
the bloodstream and into the renal corpuscle/glomerulus.
Tubular Reabsorption: The selective reclamation of essential water,
nutrients, and electrolytes from the renal tubules back into the surrounding
capillary blood.
Tubular Secretion: The active transfer of metabolic wastes, excess ions,
and drugs directly from the blood vessels back into the renal tubules to be
prepared for final elimination.
Question: What are the eight core regulatory and metabolic functions performed
by the kidneys?
✔✔ Answer:
1. Balancing plasma electrolyte and ion concentrations.
2. Maintaining systemic acid-base equilibrium (blood pH regulation).
3. Controlling overall blood volume.
4. Regulating systemic blood pressure.
5. Preserving blood osmolarity stability.
6. Synthesizing essential hormones (such as erythropoietin and renin).
7. Filtering out metabolic waste bi-products and foreign toxins.
8. Assisting in the regulation of blood glucose homeostasis.
,Question: What is the standard, healthy baseline Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
for an adult?
✔✔ Answer: Approximately 120 to 125 mL per minute, which equates to filtering
roughly 180 liters of fluid every day.
Question: What dangerous systemic complications can occur if a urinary tract
infection (UTI) goes untreated?
✔✔ Answer: A localized infection can progress into bacteremia (viable bacteria
invading the bloodstream) and severe sepsis (the systemic inflammatory response
to circulating bacterial toxins), which can rapidly deteriorate into fatal septic
shock.
Question: What is the comprehensive clinical management plan for treating a
simple, uncomplicated urinary tract infection?
✔✔ Answer:
Targeted Pharmacotherapy: Administering a standard course of
antibiotics, such as trimethoprim or nitrofurantoin.
Hydration Therapy: Encouraging a high oral fluid intake to continuously
flush out the urinary tract.
Symptom Management: Prescribing analgesics for pelvic/urethral pain
relief and antipyretics to reduce fever.
Preventative Care: Delivering structured patient education regarding
hygiene practices and recurrence prevention.
What is some nursing management/ health promotion a nurse can do to prevent
UTI's. (7) -ANSWER ✔✔Identify the individual who is at risk for a UTI
Teaching preventative measures: emptying the bladder regularly and completely
Wiping the perineal area from front to back after urination;
Drinking an adequate amount of fluids
Avoid unnecessary catheterisation and early removal of indwelling catheters
Wash hands and use aseptic technique
,Encourage or provide routine perineal hygiene
Why do we ask the patient to avoid caffeine, alcohol, citrus juices, chocolate and
highly spiced food or beverages? -ANSWER ✔✔High acid food or drink and
caffeine may irritate the lining of the bladder or upset the nervous system that
controls the bladder and bowel
Why do we encourage the patient to have an adequate fluid intake (if this is not
contraindicated)? -ANSWER ✔✔Helps dilute your urine and ensures that you'll
urinate more frequently — allowing bacteria to be flushed from your urinary tract
before an infection can begin.
What is the nursing management of an AKI -ANSWER ✔✔Monitor vital signs
(TPR, BP, SpO2, LOC)
Strictly monitor and record fluid intake and output
Examine urine for colour, specific gravity, glucose, protein, blood and sediment
daily.
Assess the patient's general appearance, including skin colour, oedema, neck vein
distension, bruising, signs of dehydration, e.g., thirst, dry mucus membranes, poor
skin turgor, concentrated urine.
Check all cannulas for inflammation i.e., redness, heat, pain and swelling.
Evaluate the patient's mental status and level of consciousness.
Examine the oral mucosa for dryness.
Auscultate the lungs for crackles and rhonchi or diminished breath sounds.
Assess ECG or cardiac monitor for arrhythmias.
Review laboratory values and diagnostic test results.
, What is Chronic kidney diease -ANSWER ✔✔Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
involves progressive and irreversible loss of kidney function. Progressive loss of
renal function causes reduced sodium filtration and inappropriate suppression of
tubular reabsorption that ultimately lead to volume expansion and hypervolaemia.
What are the most important nutrition goals for patients with chronic kidney
disease (CKD) ? -ANSWER ✔✔Reduce protein, potassium and sodium intake
A 27-year-old male has a severe kidney obstruction leading to removal of the
affected kidney. Which of the following would the nurse expect to occur in the
weeks following removal of the affected kidney? -ANSWER ✔✔Compensatory
function of the remaining kidney
What is Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS)? -ANSWER ✔✔Is the
development of potentially reversible damage of two or more organ systems due to
the effects of systemic cytokines released following sepsis
What is Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) -ANSWER ✔✔A sudden
and progressive form of acute respiratory failure due to vasodilation of the alveolar
capillaries, from released cytokines due to sepsis, resulting in fluid in the blood
moving into alveoli and preventing gas exchange.
What is Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)? -ANSWER ✔✔Is a
condition in which small blood clots develop in the circulation, blocking small
blood vessels. The increased clotting uses up the platelets and clotting factors
needed to control bleeding, causing excessive bleeding and interruption of blood
flow to organs and tissues.
What are some treatments for sepsis ? -ANSWER ✔✔Assess for airway patency
and administer oxygen
ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS (GRADED A+) LATEST
UPDATED 2026
Question: What are the three primary physiological mechanisms performed by
nephrons to process fluid and form urine?
✔✔ Answer:
Glomerular Filtration: The initial movement of water and solutes out of
the bloodstream and into the renal corpuscle/glomerulus.
Tubular Reabsorption: The selective reclamation of essential water,
nutrients, and electrolytes from the renal tubules back into the surrounding
capillary blood.
Tubular Secretion: The active transfer of metabolic wastes, excess ions,
and drugs directly from the blood vessels back into the renal tubules to be
prepared for final elimination.
Question: What are the eight core regulatory and metabolic functions performed
by the kidneys?
✔✔ Answer:
1. Balancing plasma electrolyte and ion concentrations.
2. Maintaining systemic acid-base equilibrium (blood pH regulation).
3. Controlling overall blood volume.
4. Regulating systemic blood pressure.
5. Preserving blood osmolarity stability.
6. Synthesizing essential hormones (such as erythropoietin and renin).
7. Filtering out metabolic waste bi-products and foreign toxins.
8. Assisting in the regulation of blood glucose homeostasis.
,Question: What is the standard, healthy baseline Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
for an adult?
✔✔ Answer: Approximately 120 to 125 mL per minute, which equates to filtering
roughly 180 liters of fluid every day.
Question: What dangerous systemic complications can occur if a urinary tract
infection (UTI) goes untreated?
✔✔ Answer: A localized infection can progress into bacteremia (viable bacteria
invading the bloodstream) and severe sepsis (the systemic inflammatory response
to circulating bacterial toxins), which can rapidly deteriorate into fatal septic
shock.
Question: What is the comprehensive clinical management plan for treating a
simple, uncomplicated urinary tract infection?
✔✔ Answer:
Targeted Pharmacotherapy: Administering a standard course of
antibiotics, such as trimethoprim or nitrofurantoin.
Hydration Therapy: Encouraging a high oral fluid intake to continuously
flush out the urinary tract.
Symptom Management: Prescribing analgesics for pelvic/urethral pain
relief and antipyretics to reduce fever.
Preventative Care: Delivering structured patient education regarding
hygiene practices and recurrence prevention.
What is some nursing management/ health promotion a nurse can do to prevent
UTI's. (7) -ANSWER ✔✔Identify the individual who is at risk for a UTI
Teaching preventative measures: emptying the bladder regularly and completely
Wiping the perineal area from front to back after urination;
Drinking an adequate amount of fluids
Avoid unnecessary catheterisation and early removal of indwelling catheters
Wash hands and use aseptic technique
,Encourage or provide routine perineal hygiene
Why do we ask the patient to avoid caffeine, alcohol, citrus juices, chocolate and
highly spiced food or beverages? -ANSWER ✔✔High acid food or drink and
caffeine may irritate the lining of the bladder or upset the nervous system that
controls the bladder and bowel
Why do we encourage the patient to have an adequate fluid intake (if this is not
contraindicated)? -ANSWER ✔✔Helps dilute your urine and ensures that you'll
urinate more frequently — allowing bacteria to be flushed from your urinary tract
before an infection can begin.
What is the nursing management of an AKI -ANSWER ✔✔Monitor vital signs
(TPR, BP, SpO2, LOC)
Strictly monitor and record fluid intake and output
Examine urine for colour, specific gravity, glucose, protein, blood and sediment
daily.
Assess the patient's general appearance, including skin colour, oedema, neck vein
distension, bruising, signs of dehydration, e.g., thirst, dry mucus membranes, poor
skin turgor, concentrated urine.
Check all cannulas for inflammation i.e., redness, heat, pain and swelling.
Evaluate the patient's mental status and level of consciousness.
Examine the oral mucosa for dryness.
Auscultate the lungs for crackles and rhonchi or diminished breath sounds.
Assess ECG or cardiac monitor for arrhythmias.
Review laboratory values and diagnostic test results.
, What is Chronic kidney diease -ANSWER ✔✔Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
involves progressive and irreversible loss of kidney function. Progressive loss of
renal function causes reduced sodium filtration and inappropriate suppression of
tubular reabsorption that ultimately lead to volume expansion and hypervolaemia.
What are the most important nutrition goals for patients with chronic kidney
disease (CKD) ? -ANSWER ✔✔Reduce protein, potassium and sodium intake
A 27-year-old male has a severe kidney obstruction leading to removal of the
affected kidney. Which of the following would the nurse expect to occur in the
weeks following removal of the affected kidney? -ANSWER ✔✔Compensatory
function of the remaining kidney
What is Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS)? -ANSWER ✔✔Is the
development of potentially reversible damage of two or more organ systems due to
the effects of systemic cytokines released following sepsis
What is Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) -ANSWER ✔✔A sudden
and progressive form of acute respiratory failure due to vasodilation of the alveolar
capillaries, from released cytokines due to sepsis, resulting in fluid in the blood
moving into alveoli and preventing gas exchange.
What is Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)? -ANSWER ✔✔Is a
condition in which small blood clots develop in the circulation, blocking small
blood vessels. The increased clotting uses up the platelets and clotting factors
needed to control bleeding, causing excessive bleeding and interruption of blood
flow to organs and tissues.
What are some treatments for sepsis ? -ANSWER ✔✔Assess for airway patency
and administer oxygen
