CHAPTER 1: MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS
Punjab Textbook Board Class 9 Mathematics 2026
Complete Notes with Solved Exercises
1.1 MATRICES - BASIC CONCEPTS
DEFINITION: A rectangular arrangement of numbers,
symbols or expressions in rows and columns is called a
matrix.
NOTATION: Matrices denoted by capital letters A, B, C...
Elements denoted by small letters a_ij where i=row,
j=column
,EXAMPLE: A = [2 5 7]
[1 3 4] is 2×3 matrix
ORDER: Number of rows × Number of columns = m×n
Above matrix order = 2×3 means 2 rows, 3 columns
TYPES OF MATRICES WITH EXAMPLES
1. ROW MATRIX: Only 1 row
Example: R = [3 7 9 1] Order 1×4
2. COLUMN MATRIX: Only 1 column
Example: C = [2] Order 3×1
[5]
, [8]
3. SQUARE MATRIX: Rows = Columns
Example: S = [4 7] Order 2×2
[2 5]
Diagonal elements: 4, 5
4. RECTANGULAR MATRIX: Rows ≠ Columns
Example: [1 2 3] Order 2×3
[4 5 6]
5. ZERO MATRIX/NULL MATRIX: All elements = 0
Example: O = [0 0] Denoted by O
[0 0]
Punjab Textbook Board Class 9 Mathematics 2026
Complete Notes with Solved Exercises
1.1 MATRICES - BASIC CONCEPTS
DEFINITION: A rectangular arrangement of numbers,
symbols or expressions in rows and columns is called a
matrix.
NOTATION: Matrices denoted by capital letters A, B, C...
Elements denoted by small letters a_ij where i=row,
j=column
,EXAMPLE: A = [2 5 7]
[1 3 4] is 2×3 matrix
ORDER: Number of rows × Number of columns = m×n
Above matrix order = 2×3 means 2 rows, 3 columns
TYPES OF MATRICES WITH EXAMPLES
1. ROW MATRIX: Only 1 row
Example: R = [3 7 9 1] Order 1×4
2. COLUMN MATRIX: Only 1 column
Example: C = [2] Order 3×1
[5]
, [8]
3. SQUARE MATRIX: Rows = Columns
Example: S = [4 7] Order 2×2
[2 5]
Diagonal elements: 4, 5
4. RECTANGULAR MATRIX: Rows ≠ Columns
Example: [1 2 3] Order 2×3
[4 5 6]
5. ZERO MATRIX/NULL MATRIX: All elements = 0
Example: O = [0 0] Denoted by O
[0 0]
