ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 3
2026 STUDY GUIDE MODULE REVIEW
NOTES AND CORE DISEASE PROCESSES
◉ Class I angina
Answer: new onset - severe or accelerated angina
◉ class II angina
Answer: angina at rest, subacute (angina at rest within the
preceding month but not within the preceding 48 hours
◉ class III angina
Answer: angina at rest, acute (angina at rest within the preceding 48
hours)
◉ What are the common complications of myocardial infarction?
Answer: dysrhythmias
LV failure
RV infarction
Cardiogenic shock
Papillary muscle rupture
,Pericarditis
LV Aneurysm
◉ dysrhythmias in relation to MI
Answer: -disturbances of cardiac rhythm
-most common complication of MI
-caused by ischemia, hypoxia, ANS imbalances, lactic acidosis,
electrolyte abnormalities, alterations of impulse conduction
pathways or conduction defects, drug toxicity, hemodynamic
abnormalities
-originate from atria, ventricles, nodal regions, or conduction tissues
◉ cardiogenic shock in relation to MI
Answer: -condition resulting from decreased CO caused by heart
disease in which the heart is unable to pump blood throughout the
body
-acute MI is accompanied by functional impairment of the
myocardium
-may result in some degree of heart failure - pulmonary congestion,
reduced contractility, abnormal wall motion
-if CO is insufficient to maintain normal arterial pressure and to
perfuse the kidneys and other organs then cardiogenic shock
develops
,◉ pericarditis in relation to MI
Answer: -the pericardium is infected by virus, bacteria, parasite, or
fungus and becomes inflamed resulting in pain and fluid and blood
components entering the pericardial space
-pericardial friction rubs often are noted 2-3 days post MI -
associated wit anterior chest pain that worsens with respiratory
effort
◉ rupture of heart structures in relation to MI
Answer: tissue necrosis in or around the papillary muscles can cause
rupture of these muscles or of the chordae tendineae
◉ Ventricular aneurysm in relation to MI
Answer: -caused by weakening of the wall of the infarcted ventricle
-left ventricular aneurysm is a late complication of MI occurring
months or years after the acute event
-ventricle wall bulges with systole - resulting in impaired pump
function and significant risk for dysrhythmias
◉ thromboembolism in relation to MI
Answer: -found during post mortem exams of many individuals who
have died of MI
, -may disseminate from debris and clots that collect inside dilated
aneurysmal sacs or from the infacrcted endocardium and travel to
the pulmonary or systemic vascular systems
◉ factors contributing to risk of death during acute infarction
Answer: -the degree of LV dysfunction
-the degree of LV ischemia
-the potential for ventricular dysrhythmais
-the individual's age
◉ heart disease structure differences for women
Answer: -smaller size, increased stiffness (fibrosis, remodeling, etc.)
-more diffuse disease
-more plaque erosion versus rupture
-microemboli, rarefaction (drop out), disarray
◉ heart disease functional differences for women
Answer: -endothelial dysfunction
-smooth muscle dysfunction (raynauds, migraine, coronary artery
spasm)
-inflammation: plasma markers and vasculitis (takayasu's,
rheumatoid, SLE, CNSV, giant cell)
2026 STUDY GUIDE MODULE REVIEW
NOTES AND CORE DISEASE PROCESSES
◉ Class I angina
Answer: new onset - severe or accelerated angina
◉ class II angina
Answer: angina at rest, subacute (angina at rest within the
preceding month but not within the preceding 48 hours
◉ class III angina
Answer: angina at rest, acute (angina at rest within the preceding 48
hours)
◉ What are the common complications of myocardial infarction?
Answer: dysrhythmias
LV failure
RV infarction
Cardiogenic shock
Papillary muscle rupture
,Pericarditis
LV Aneurysm
◉ dysrhythmias in relation to MI
Answer: -disturbances of cardiac rhythm
-most common complication of MI
-caused by ischemia, hypoxia, ANS imbalances, lactic acidosis,
electrolyte abnormalities, alterations of impulse conduction
pathways or conduction defects, drug toxicity, hemodynamic
abnormalities
-originate from atria, ventricles, nodal regions, or conduction tissues
◉ cardiogenic shock in relation to MI
Answer: -condition resulting from decreased CO caused by heart
disease in which the heart is unable to pump blood throughout the
body
-acute MI is accompanied by functional impairment of the
myocardium
-may result in some degree of heart failure - pulmonary congestion,
reduced contractility, abnormal wall motion
-if CO is insufficient to maintain normal arterial pressure and to
perfuse the kidneys and other organs then cardiogenic shock
develops
,◉ pericarditis in relation to MI
Answer: -the pericardium is infected by virus, bacteria, parasite, or
fungus and becomes inflamed resulting in pain and fluid and blood
components entering the pericardial space
-pericardial friction rubs often are noted 2-3 days post MI -
associated wit anterior chest pain that worsens with respiratory
effort
◉ rupture of heart structures in relation to MI
Answer: tissue necrosis in or around the papillary muscles can cause
rupture of these muscles or of the chordae tendineae
◉ Ventricular aneurysm in relation to MI
Answer: -caused by weakening of the wall of the infarcted ventricle
-left ventricular aneurysm is a late complication of MI occurring
months or years after the acute event
-ventricle wall bulges with systole - resulting in impaired pump
function and significant risk for dysrhythmias
◉ thromboembolism in relation to MI
Answer: -found during post mortem exams of many individuals who
have died of MI
, -may disseminate from debris and clots that collect inside dilated
aneurysmal sacs or from the infacrcted endocardium and travel to
the pulmonary or systemic vascular systems
◉ factors contributing to risk of death during acute infarction
Answer: -the degree of LV dysfunction
-the degree of LV ischemia
-the potential for ventricular dysrhythmais
-the individual's age
◉ heart disease structure differences for women
Answer: -smaller size, increased stiffness (fibrosis, remodeling, etc.)
-more diffuse disease
-more plaque erosion versus rupture
-microemboli, rarefaction (drop out), disarray
◉ heart disease functional differences for women
Answer: -endothelial dysfunction
-smooth muscle dysfunction (raynauds, migraine, coronary artery
spasm)
-inflammation: plasma markers and vasculitis (takayasu's,
rheumatoid, SLE, CNSV, giant cell)
