ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 4
2026 STUDY GUIDE MODULE REVIEW
NOTES AND CORE DISEASE PROCESSES
◉ t/f exhalation is easier in emphysema and chronic bronchitis
Answer: F
◉ What does it mean if FEV1/FVC is in the middle of the confidence
interval?
Answer: there is no airflow limitation
◉ What does it mean if FEV1/FVC is low?
Answer: means that we have airflow limitation
◉ What does it mean if TLC is very small?
Answer: that means that there is a restrictive pattern
◉ What does it mean if diffusing capacity is slow?
Answer: that means there is a diffusion defect
◉ What does it mean if TLC is high and RV is high
,Answer: there is an obstruction issue (ex. COPD_ and trapped air r/t
not being able to get the air out - will have barrel chest due to
trapped air
◉ what does it mean if they get a bronchodilator and there is a 12%
and 0.2 L change between pre and post?
Answer: there is an obstruction
◉ air trapping in chronic bronchitis
Answer: impaired expiration
damaged wall collapses or airway becomes obstructed
◉ air trapping in emphysema
Answer: loss of elasticity, loss of recoil, prevents full exhalation
causing more gas volume to remain in alveoli at end of exhalation
increased residual volume and overinflated lungs
◉ what is the effect of air trapping on work of breathing?
Answer: air trapping causes hyperexpansion of the chest, putting the
muscles of respiration at mechanical disadvantage
results in increased WOB, so that many individuals will develop
hypoventilation and hypercapnia late in the course of the disease
,◉ what is the main goal of the pulmonary vasculature?
Answer: to bring blood to the lungs and pick up oxygen and release
carbon dioxide
◉ pulmonary artery HTN
Answer: vascular remodeling with luminal narrowing and abnormal
vasoconstriction
resistant to pulmonary artery blood flow
increases the pressure in the pulmonary arteries
resistance and pressure increases - the workload of the right
ventricle increases and subsequent right ventricular hypertrophy
followed by failure may occur
◉ if the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood decreases such in
anemia, how will the body compensate?
Answer: by trying to obtain more oxygen by breathing more deeply
and faster and by circulating existing blood volume faster to get the
most mileage out of it
causes SOB and tachycardia
◉ immune-mediated type 1 diabetes
Answer: -autoimmune destruction of pancreatic B-cell
-environmental trigger in a genetically predisposed individual
triggers pancreatic B-cell destruction
, ◉ what environmental factor is considered to potentially be
triggering type I DM?
Answer: possibly viruses
viral protein may contain an amino acid sequence similar to beta cell
protein - initiating immune response with destruction of B-cells
◉ patho of type 2 diabetes
Answer: insulin resistance (insulin normally binds to cell surface
receptors)
the binding may be impaired
there may be less receptors
there may be post-receptor defects
defect in pancreatic B-cell secretion
inability of B cells to produce appropriate quantities of insulin
◉ genetic predisposition to type 1 and Type 2 diabetes
Answer: type 1 - moderate
type 2 - strong
◉ classic symptoms of diabetes mellitus
Answer: polyuria - frequent urination
2026 STUDY GUIDE MODULE REVIEW
NOTES AND CORE DISEASE PROCESSES
◉ t/f exhalation is easier in emphysema and chronic bronchitis
Answer: F
◉ What does it mean if FEV1/FVC is in the middle of the confidence
interval?
Answer: there is no airflow limitation
◉ What does it mean if FEV1/FVC is low?
Answer: means that we have airflow limitation
◉ What does it mean if TLC is very small?
Answer: that means that there is a restrictive pattern
◉ What does it mean if diffusing capacity is slow?
Answer: that means there is a diffusion defect
◉ What does it mean if TLC is high and RV is high
,Answer: there is an obstruction issue (ex. COPD_ and trapped air r/t
not being able to get the air out - will have barrel chest due to
trapped air
◉ what does it mean if they get a bronchodilator and there is a 12%
and 0.2 L change between pre and post?
Answer: there is an obstruction
◉ air trapping in chronic bronchitis
Answer: impaired expiration
damaged wall collapses or airway becomes obstructed
◉ air trapping in emphysema
Answer: loss of elasticity, loss of recoil, prevents full exhalation
causing more gas volume to remain in alveoli at end of exhalation
increased residual volume and overinflated lungs
◉ what is the effect of air trapping on work of breathing?
Answer: air trapping causes hyperexpansion of the chest, putting the
muscles of respiration at mechanical disadvantage
results in increased WOB, so that many individuals will develop
hypoventilation and hypercapnia late in the course of the disease
,◉ what is the main goal of the pulmonary vasculature?
Answer: to bring blood to the lungs and pick up oxygen and release
carbon dioxide
◉ pulmonary artery HTN
Answer: vascular remodeling with luminal narrowing and abnormal
vasoconstriction
resistant to pulmonary artery blood flow
increases the pressure in the pulmonary arteries
resistance and pressure increases - the workload of the right
ventricle increases and subsequent right ventricular hypertrophy
followed by failure may occur
◉ if the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood decreases such in
anemia, how will the body compensate?
Answer: by trying to obtain more oxygen by breathing more deeply
and faster and by circulating existing blood volume faster to get the
most mileage out of it
causes SOB and tachycardia
◉ immune-mediated type 1 diabetes
Answer: -autoimmune destruction of pancreatic B-cell
-environmental trigger in a genetically predisposed individual
triggers pancreatic B-cell destruction
, ◉ what environmental factor is considered to potentially be
triggering type I DM?
Answer: possibly viruses
viral protein may contain an amino acid sequence similar to beta cell
protein - initiating immune response with destruction of B-cells
◉ patho of type 2 diabetes
Answer: insulin resistance (insulin normally binds to cell surface
receptors)
the binding may be impaired
there may be less receptors
there may be post-receptor defects
defect in pancreatic B-cell secretion
inability of B cells to produce appropriate quantities of insulin
◉ genetic predisposition to type 1 and Type 2 diabetes
Answer: type 1 - moderate
type 2 - strong
◉ classic symptoms of diabetes mellitus
Answer: polyuria - frequent urination
