ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 5
2026 COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS MASTER
STUDY GUIDE
◉ What happens to the original bone during the second phase of
bone remodeling?
Answer: The original bone is resorbed
◉ Which cells function to maintain bone matrix?
Answer: Osteocytes
◉ Which bone cells are large and multinucleated and contain
lysosomes filled with hydrolytic enzymes?
Answer: Osteoclasts
◉ Which bone cell secretes hydrochloric acid to help dissolve bone
minerals and collagenase, thus aiding in the digestion of collagen?
Answer: Osteoclasts
,◉ Which glucoprotein is believed to inhibit calcium phosphate
precipitation and play a part in bone resorption by recruiting
osteoclasts?
Answer: Osteocalcin
◉ Which glucoprotein is thought to transport essential elements
such as hormones, ions, and other metabolites to and from the bone
cells?
Answer: Bone albumin
◉ How is the work function of a muscle usually calculated?
Answer: Calculating force distance
◉ What is the basic structural unit in compact bone?
Answer: Haversian system
◉ Which part of an injured joint becomes insensitive to pain and
regenerates slowly and minimally?
Answer: Articular cartilage
◉ The outer layer of the periosteum contains blood vessels and
nerves that penetrate the inner structures of the bone by way of
which structure?
Answer: Volkmann canals
,◉ What is the function of Sharpey fibers?
Answer: To help attach tendons and ligaments to the periosteum
◉ After puberty, the epiphyseal plate calcifies, and the epiphysis
merges with the
Answer: Metaphysis
◉ The stage of healing in the bone that involves procallus formation
entails which process?
Answer: Production of granulation tissue by fibroblasts, capillary
buds, and osteoblasts
◉ Which term describes a freely movable joint?
Answer: Diarthrosis
◉ Which type of joint holds teeth in the maxilla or mandible?
Answer: Gomphosis
◉ The hyaline cartilage joints between the ribs and sternum are
examples of which type of joint?
Answer: Synchondrosis
, ◉ The joint that contains a synovial membrane that lines the inner
joint capsule is an example of which type of joint?
Answer: Diarthrosis
◉ What is the function of the synovial membrane's type A cells
within the intima?
Answer: To ingest and remove bacteria and debris by phagocytosis
in the joint cavity
◉ Which statement does not present accurate information
concerning synovial fluid?
Answer: Synovial fluid contains protein polysaccharides to repair
the synovial membrane
after injury.
◉ What anchors articular cartilage to the underlying bone?
Answer: Collagen fibers
◉ What controls the movement of synovial fluid through cartilage?
Answer: Proteoglycans
◉ Which statement is false about muscles?
2026 COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS MASTER
STUDY GUIDE
◉ What happens to the original bone during the second phase of
bone remodeling?
Answer: The original bone is resorbed
◉ Which cells function to maintain bone matrix?
Answer: Osteocytes
◉ Which bone cells are large and multinucleated and contain
lysosomes filled with hydrolytic enzymes?
Answer: Osteoclasts
◉ Which bone cell secretes hydrochloric acid to help dissolve bone
minerals and collagenase, thus aiding in the digestion of collagen?
Answer: Osteoclasts
,◉ Which glucoprotein is believed to inhibit calcium phosphate
precipitation and play a part in bone resorption by recruiting
osteoclasts?
Answer: Osteocalcin
◉ Which glucoprotein is thought to transport essential elements
such as hormones, ions, and other metabolites to and from the bone
cells?
Answer: Bone albumin
◉ How is the work function of a muscle usually calculated?
Answer: Calculating force distance
◉ What is the basic structural unit in compact bone?
Answer: Haversian system
◉ Which part of an injured joint becomes insensitive to pain and
regenerates slowly and minimally?
Answer: Articular cartilage
◉ The outer layer of the periosteum contains blood vessels and
nerves that penetrate the inner structures of the bone by way of
which structure?
Answer: Volkmann canals
,◉ What is the function of Sharpey fibers?
Answer: To help attach tendons and ligaments to the periosteum
◉ After puberty, the epiphyseal plate calcifies, and the epiphysis
merges with the
Answer: Metaphysis
◉ The stage of healing in the bone that involves procallus formation
entails which process?
Answer: Production of granulation tissue by fibroblasts, capillary
buds, and osteoblasts
◉ Which term describes a freely movable joint?
Answer: Diarthrosis
◉ Which type of joint holds teeth in the maxilla or mandible?
Answer: Gomphosis
◉ The hyaline cartilage joints between the ribs and sternum are
examples of which type of joint?
Answer: Synchondrosis
, ◉ The joint that contains a synovial membrane that lines the inner
joint capsule is an example of which type of joint?
Answer: Diarthrosis
◉ What is the function of the synovial membrane's type A cells
within the intima?
Answer: To ingest and remove bacteria and debris by phagocytosis
in the joint cavity
◉ Which statement does not present accurate information
concerning synovial fluid?
Answer: Synovial fluid contains protein polysaccharides to repair
the synovial membrane
after injury.
◉ What anchors articular cartilage to the underlying bone?
Answer: Collagen fibers
◉ What controls the movement of synovial fluid through cartilage?
Answer: Proteoglycans
◉ Which statement is false about muscles?
