BIOL 130 EXAM 4 STUDY GUIDE | latest guide

BIOL 130 EXAM 4 STUDY GUIDE Chapter 16 1) A gene is made up of three exons (numbered consecutively) with two introns (intron 1 between exons 1 and 2 and intron 2 between exons 2 and 3). What would happen if there were a mutation at the 3’ splice site of intron 1? ***mRNA with all three exons along with intron 1 2) What would happen if there were a mutation in the operator of the trp operon? ***the trp operon would continuously express the genes 3) In eukaryotes, where would a protective modification be found on mRNA? ***on both the 5’ end and the 3’ end 4) Enhancers located hundreds of bases upstream of a gene can be brought to the promoter by . ****DNA bending proteins 5) The portions of the mature mRNA where RNA-binding proteins can attach in order to change RNA stability are known as ***untranslated regions 6) Epigenetics refers to a special kind of hereditary mechanism. Epigenetic changes do not change the DNA nucleotide sequence, yet their effect on gene expression can last for several generations. In one surprising study, it was found that the grandsons of men who suffered a famine were less likely to die of cardiovascular disease. The experience of famine made some cardio- protective change in the sperm of those grandfathers that was passed on. What type of change was likely responsible? ***histone acetylation or DNA methylation 7) is the first protein to bind to mRNA to being initiation of translation. ***eIF-2 8) What part of the ribosome is important in catalyzing peptide bonds? ***the rRNA 9) If every cell in the body gets the same DNA, how do the cells of an embryo make different structures and take on different roles? (Select all that apply.) ***Different transcription factors are active in different cells / Different transcription factors are encoded in the DNA / Genes are spliced differently in different cells / Translation is regulated so that different cells may make more of certain proteins. 0.67/1.0 Points 10) Overexpression of miRNAs can lead to a decrease of protein expression associated with some forms of cancer. What could a drug do to counter this effect? ***decrease expression of miRNA Chapter 17 1) In order to focus on only the expressed portions of DNA, what type of sequencing can be used? ***whole-exome sequencing 2) How can scientists tell how closely related two organisms are? ***the more genes they share, the more similar 3) A change in the level of an individual protein in a diseased cell is known as a ***biomarker