BIOD 121 FINAL EXAM FULL REVISION NOTES
WITH MACRONUTRIENTS, MICRONUTRIENTS,
AND ENERGY BALANCE CONCEPTS
◉ • protein strand is broken & amino acids are released.
• Occurs by protease enzymes secreted by the pancreas & GI
mucosal cells.
• Amino acids are absorbed, transported to cells and then used to
build proteins
Answer: Protein Digestion
◉ • Causes protein to change shape or conformation.
• The protein and the amino acids are still intact.
• caused by heat, alkali/acid treatments, or metals.
• Is required before the protein can be digested.
Answer: Protein Denaturation
◉ We eat protein, denature & digest the protein, absorb & transport
the amino acids to the cells, then within each cell, protein is made
according to the DNA.
Answer: Protein Synthesis
,(Protein is synthesized in a process of converting DNA to RNA &
then protein)
◉ • Uniform in structure.
• Either exclusively helical or sheet formation.
• Ex: proteins found in hair, muscle fibers & finger nails.
Answer: Fibrous protein
◉ • Have variation in structure.
• part helical, part sheet, part random, or completely random.
• Ex: blood, mucous, milk protein and egg white.
Answer: Globular protein
◉ what are 2 types of proteins?
Answer: 1- fibrous
2- globular
◉ Eric weighs 90 Kg and ate 88 g of protein and 3000 Calories in one
day.
• What is his DRI for protein?
Answer: 90 Kg x 0.8 gm/Kg = 72 gm protein
,◉ Eric weighs 90 Kg and ate 88 g of protein and 3000 Calories in one
day.
• What % of his DRI for protein did he consume?
Answer: 88 gm ÷ 72 gm x 100 = 122%
◉ Eric weighs 90 Kg and ate 88 g of protein and 3000 Calories in one
day.
• What % of Calories in his diet came from protein? AMDR is 10-
35%
Answer: - 88 g protein x 4 Cal/gm = 352 Cals from protein
- 352 Cals ÷ 3000 Cals x 100 = 11.7%
◉ Protein deficiency is called ________. The individual has peripheral
edema and may not look undernourished.
Answer: Kwashiorkor
◉ Protein-Energy deficiency is called ______. The individual looks
undernourished (skin & bones, starvation).
Answer: Marasmus
◉ • Is most common in athletes & fad dieters.
• Increases risk of:
- Dehydration
, - Liver & spleen enlargement
- Accelerated kidney aging
- Metabolic acidosis (with low carb intake)
- Vitamin B6 deficiency, Ca & Zn loss
- Heart disease & cancer.
Answer: protein excess
◉ • Protein character is determined by __________.
Answer: amino acid sequence.
◉ - omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid with 20 carbons and five
double bonds
- has health-promoting properties, is present in fish
-synthesized in limited amounts in the body from the essential
omega-3 fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid (18 carbons with three
double bonds).
Answer: ...
◉ • process by which plants make carb structures.
• requires chlorophyll.
• CO2 + H20 + sunlight = carbohydrate in plants
(sugars, starch, fiber)
WITH MACRONUTRIENTS, MICRONUTRIENTS,
AND ENERGY BALANCE CONCEPTS
◉ • protein strand is broken & amino acids are released.
• Occurs by protease enzymes secreted by the pancreas & GI
mucosal cells.
• Amino acids are absorbed, transported to cells and then used to
build proteins
Answer: Protein Digestion
◉ • Causes protein to change shape or conformation.
• The protein and the amino acids are still intact.
• caused by heat, alkali/acid treatments, or metals.
• Is required before the protein can be digested.
Answer: Protein Denaturation
◉ We eat protein, denature & digest the protein, absorb & transport
the amino acids to the cells, then within each cell, protein is made
according to the DNA.
Answer: Protein Synthesis
,(Protein is synthesized in a process of converting DNA to RNA &
then protein)
◉ • Uniform in structure.
• Either exclusively helical or sheet formation.
• Ex: proteins found in hair, muscle fibers & finger nails.
Answer: Fibrous protein
◉ • Have variation in structure.
• part helical, part sheet, part random, or completely random.
• Ex: blood, mucous, milk protein and egg white.
Answer: Globular protein
◉ what are 2 types of proteins?
Answer: 1- fibrous
2- globular
◉ Eric weighs 90 Kg and ate 88 g of protein and 3000 Calories in one
day.
• What is his DRI for protein?
Answer: 90 Kg x 0.8 gm/Kg = 72 gm protein
,◉ Eric weighs 90 Kg and ate 88 g of protein and 3000 Calories in one
day.
• What % of his DRI for protein did he consume?
Answer: 88 gm ÷ 72 gm x 100 = 122%
◉ Eric weighs 90 Kg and ate 88 g of protein and 3000 Calories in one
day.
• What % of Calories in his diet came from protein? AMDR is 10-
35%
Answer: - 88 g protein x 4 Cal/gm = 352 Cals from protein
- 352 Cals ÷ 3000 Cals x 100 = 11.7%
◉ Protein deficiency is called ________. The individual has peripheral
edema and may not look undernourished.
Answer: Kwashiorkor
◉ Protein-Energy deficiency is called ______. The individual looks
undernourished (skin & bones, starvation).
Answer: Marasmus
◉ • Is most common in athletes & fad dieters.
• Increases risk of:
- Dehydration
, - Liver & spleen enlargement
- Accelerated kidney aging
- Metabolic acidosis (with low carb intake)
- Vitamin B6 deficiency, Ca & Zn loss
- Heart disease & cancer.
Answer: protein excess
◉ • Protein character is determined by __________.
Answer: amino acid sequence.
◉ - omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid with 20 carbons and five
double bonds
- has health-promoting properties, is present in fish
-synthesized in limited amounts in the body from the essential
omega-3 fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid (18 carbons with three
double bonds).
Answer: ...
◉ • process by which plants make carb structures.
• requires chlorophyll.
• CO2 + H20 + sunlight = carbohydrate in plants
(sugars, starch, fiber)
