BROOKS BIODIVERSITY UNIT 3
CERTIFICATION SCRIPT 2026
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
◍ Name of this class found in Phylum Annelida comes from anti-coagulant
they produce.
Answer: Class Hirudinea
◍ 3.1 Evolution and Extinction.
Answer: A look at evolution by natural selection and the problems that
result when drastic changes are imposed on populations that exceed their
ability to adapt
◍ 3 Classes of Annelida.
Answer: 1. Class Polychaeta2. Class Oligochaeta3. Class Hirudinea
◍ 3 tagma found in Arthropods.
Answer: 1. Head2. Thorax3. Abdomen
◍ 3.1-1 Natural Selection as a Mechanism for Evolution.
Answer: Key Concept 1: Populations can adapt to a changing environment
when individuals whose inherited traits make them better suited to survive
or reproduce leave more offspring with those traits on average than other
less suited individuals — a process known as natural selection.
◍ The most abundant class of Annelids are:.
Answer: Polychaetes
◍ Nereis is an example of this phylum and class.
Answer: Phylum - AnnelidaClass - Polychaeta
,◍ 3.1-2 Genetic Diversity and Natural Selection.
Answer: Key Concept 2: Genetic diversity in a population is the raw
material on which natural selection operates. The more diverse a population,
the more likely there will be individuals present who can withstand or even
thrive if environmental conditions change.
◍ Coelom of Phylum Hemichordata.
Answer: Deuterostomes
◍ Features of Hemichordata.
Answer: Pharyngeal gill slitsHollow nerve cordBurrowing marine worms
with a proboscis Ex: Acorn Worm
◍ 3.1-3 Coevolution.
Answer: Key Concept 3: Two species can become highly adapted to each
other when each becomes the selective pressure that favors certain traits in
the other, a process known as coevolution. Species that never coevolved
with a particular predator or competitor may not have the traits needed to
survive if that species invades their habitat.
◍ General characteristics of Phylum Chordata (during some stage of their life).
Answer: 1. Notochord2. Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord3. Pharyngeal Gill
Slits4. Post Anal Tail
◍ 3.1-4 Random Events and Evolution.
Answer: Key Concept 4: Along with natural selection, random events such
as genetic drift, the bottleneck effect, and the founder effect also influence
the evolution of a population.
◍ Nonvertebrate Chordates.
Answer: Subphylum UrochordataSubphylum Cephalochordata
◍ Features of Subphylum Urochordata.
Answer: -Free swimming larvae that have all 4 Chordate
Characteristics-Sessile adults retain only the pharyngeal gill slits -Ex:
Trunicates, Sea Squirts, and Larvaceans
,◍ Features of Subphylum Cephalochordata.
Answer: All four chordate characteristics are present to adulthood Ex:
Lancelets
◍ Paedomorphosis.
Answer: Adult in a child body
◍ 3.1-5 Artificial Selection.
Answer: Key Concept 5: In artificial selection, humans choose which traits
to keep and which to eliminate from a population through selective
breeding. Our actions have also inadvertently led to the evolution of
antibiotic- or pesticide-resistant populations.
◍ What is possibly the first vertebrate?.
Answer: Pikia
◍ Evolution of the heart -.
Answer: Started with 2 chambered hearts eventually moved to 4 chambers
◍ Class Condrichthyes - Sharks and Rays features.
Answer: Skeleton mostly cartilageNotochord persistent throughout its
lifeSubterminal mouth (on bottom of the body) mouth below rostrum2
chambered heartDo not possess an operculum Lack swim bladderBuoyancy
is through oils in the liver
◍ Chondrichthyes - Shark scale type.
Answer: Placoid
◍ 3.1-6 The Pace of Evolution and Extinction.
Answer: Key Concept 6: The pace of evolution and extinction is generally
slow and is affected by population size and genetic diversity, reproductive
rate, generation time, and the strength of the selective pressures at play.
When extinctions unfold over long periods of time, better-adapted species
tend to replace their predecessors and the niche remains filled; rapid
extinction events may eliminate well-adapted species and break important
community connections.
, ◍ 3.1-7 Mass Extinctions: Past and Present.
Answer: Key Concept 7: Extinction rates were much higher in mass
extinction events than at other times. Past mass extinctions are linked to
natural causes; today human impact appears to be causing another mass
extinction.
◍ What is one of the most abundant fossils and why?.
Answer: Shark teeth because they can regenerate and are calcified
◍ Ratfish (chimaera) possess an operculum and is considered a transition
animal to.
Answer: bony fish
◍ Cartilaginous fish often produce.
Answer: electrical shocks
◍ 3.2 Biodiversity.
Answer: An evaluation of the extent and importance of biodiversity and the
impact of human actions on current biodiversity
◍ Sharks and skates rarely get tumors thanks to.
Answer: their cartilaginous skeleton
◍ 3.2-1 Biodiversity: The Variety of Life.
Answer: Key Concept 1: We have identified only a fraction of the species
that make up the tremendous variety of life (biodiversity) on Earth. We
know much more about smaller groups such as plants and vertebrates than
more diverse groups like invertebrates.
◍ Class Osteichthyes - Bony Fish features.
Answer: -In primitive bony fish notochord may persist to adulthood but it is
later replaced by bone-Terminal mouth -2 chambered heart-Have an
operculum and swim bladder
◍ Subclass Sarcopterygii - Lobed Finned Fish are characterized by.
Answer: fleshy fins
◍ 3.2-2 The Value of Biodiversity.
CERTIFICATION SCRIPT 2026
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
◍ Name of this class found in Phylum Annelida comes from anti-coagulant
they produce.
Answer: Class Hirudinea
◍ 3.1 Evolution and Extinction.
Answer: A look at evolution by natural selection and the problems that
result when drastic changes are imposed on populations that exceed their
ability to adapt
◍ 3 Classes of Annelida.
Answer: 1. Class Polychaeta2. Class Oligochaeta3. Class Hirudinea
◍ 3 tagma found in Arthropods.
Answer: 1. Head2. Thorax3. Abdomen
◍ 3.1-1 Natural Selection as a Mechanism for Evolution.
Answer: Key Concept 1: Populations can adapt to a changing environment
when individuals whose inherited traits make them better suited to survive
or reproduce leave more offspring with those traits on average than other
less suited individuals — a process known as natural selection.
◍ The most abundant class of Annelids are:.
Answer: Polychaetes
◍ Nereis is an example of this phylum and class.
Answer: Phylum - AnnelidaClass - Polychaeta
,◍ 3.1-2 Genetic Diversity and Natural Selection.
Answer: Key Concept 2: Genetic diversity in a population is the raw
material on which natural selection operates. The more diverse a population,
the more likely there will be individuals present who can withstand or even
thrive if environmental conditions change.
◍ Coelom of Phylum Hemichordata.
Answer: Deuterostomes
◍ Features of Hemichordata.
Answer: Pharyngeal gill slitsHollow nerve cordBurrowing marine worms
with a proboscis Ex: Acorn Worm
◍ 3.1-3 Coevolution.
Answer: Key Concept 3: Two species can become highly adapted to each
other when each becomes the selective pressure that favors certain traits in
the other, a process known as coevolution. Species that never coevolved
with a particular predator or competitor may not have the traits needed to
survive if that species invades their habitat.
◍ General characteristics of Phylum Chordata (during some stage of their life).
Answer: 1. Notochord2. Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord3. Pharyngeal Gill
Slits4. Post Anal Tail
◍ 3.1-4 Random Events and Evolution.
Answer: Key Concept 4: Along with natural selection, random events such
as genetic drift, the bottleneck effect, and the founder effect also influence
the evolution of a population.
◍ Nonvertebrate Chordates.
Answer: Subphylum UrochordataSubphylum Cephalochordata
◍ Features of Subphylum Urochordata.
Answer: -Free swimming larvae that have all 4 Chordate
Characteristics-Sessile adults retain only the pharyngeal gill slits -Ex:
Trunicates, Sea Squirts, and Larvaceans
,◍ Features of Subphylum Cephalochordata.
Answer: All four chordate characteristics are present to adulthood Ex:
Lancelets
◍ Paedomorphosis.
Answer: Adult in a child body
◍ 3.1-5 Artificial Selection.
Answer: Key Concept 5: In artificial selection, humans choose which traits
to keep and which to eliminate from a population through selective
breeding. Our actions have also inadvertently led to the evolution of
antibiotic- or pesticide-resistant populations.
◍ What is possibly the first vertebrate?.
Answer: Pikia
◍ Evolution of the heart -.
Answer: Started with 2 chambered hearts eventually moved to 4 chambers
◍ Class Condrichthyes - Sharks and Rays features.
Answer: Skeleton mostly cartilageNotochord persistent throughout its
lifeSubterminal mouth (on bottom of the body) mouth below rostrum2
chambered heartDo not possess an operculum Lack swim bladderBuoyancy
is through oils in the liver
◍ Chondrichthyes - Shark scale type.
Answer: Placoid
◍ 3.1-6 The Pace of Evolution and Extinction.
Answer: Key Concept 6: The pace of evolution and extinction is generally
slow and is affected by population size and genetic diversity, reproductive
rate, generation time, and the strength of the selective pressures at play.
When extinctions unfold over long periods of time, better-adapted species
tend to replace their predecessors and the niche remains filled; rapid
extinction events may eliminate well-adapted species and break important
community connections.
, ◍ 3.1-7 Mass Extinctions: Past and Present.
Answer: Key Concept 7: Extinction rates were much higher in mass
extinction events than at other times. Past mass extinctions are linked to
natural causes; today human impact appears to be causing another mass
extinction.
◍ What is one of the most abundant fossils and why?.
Answer: Shark teeth because they can regenerate and are calcified
◍ Ratfish (chimaera) possess an operculum and is considered a transition
animal to.
Answer: bony fish
◍ Cartilaginous fish often produce.
Answer: electrical shocks
◍ 3.2 Biodiversity.
Answer: An evaluation of the extent and importance of biodiversity and the
impact of human actions on current biodiversity
◍ Sharks and skates rarely get tumors thanks to.
Answer: their cartilaginous skeleton
◍ 3.2-1 Biodiversity: The Variety of Life.
Answer: Key Concept 1: We have identified only a fraction of the species
that make up the tremendous variety of life (biodiversity) on Earth. We
know much more about smaller groups such as plants and vertebrates than
more diverse groups like invertebrates.
◍ Class Osteichthyes - Bony Fish features.
Answer: -In primitive bony fish notochord may persist to adulthood but it is
later replaced by bone-Terminal mouth -2 chambered heart-Have an
operculum and swim bladder
◍ Subclass Sarcopterygii - Lobed Finned Fish are characterized by.
Answer: fleshy fins
◍ 3.2-2 The Value of Biodiversity.
