HNF 150 MSU EXAM 2 ACTUAL PAPER 2026
QUESTIONS SOLUTIONS GRADED A PLUS
NUTRITION FOUNDATIONS REVIEW
◉ Recall how vitamin recommendations are determined.
Answer: Balance studies; how much comes in and how much goes
out (variation in people)
based on healthy people
RDAs are set where 98% of population meets requirements
◉ Main Functions/Roles of *Vitamin D* in the body
Answer: -*Calcium absorption and regulation in blood, Phosphorus
regulation, Bone Metabolism assistance (& teeth)*
-Vit D is a *steroid hormone* that regulates blood calcium and
phosphorus levels, and bone metabolism
-*Adequate calcium and phosphorus are needed for vitamin D to
have positive effects on bones*
,-Active Vitamin D *raises blood levels* by:
--Increasing calcium and phosphorus absorption from small
intestine
**Need Vit D3 to absorb the Ca we eat
--Telling kidney to retain calcium and decrease excretion
--Mobilizing calcium and phosphorus from the bone (bone turnover,
bone resorption)
◉ Main Functions/Roles of *Vitamin K* in the body
Answer: *K1 = blood clotting (KOAGULATION)*
*K2 = Calcium, bone and teeth metabolism*
◉ Main Functions/Roles of *Vitamin A* in the body
Answer: -*Vision* - maintain clear corneas, combines with opsin to
form rhodopsin which *perceives light at the retina*
-*Cell Differentiation and Gene Expression*
,-*Normal growth and development*
-*Immunity*
◉ Main Functions/Roles of *Vitamin E* in the body
Answer: -*Antioxidant*
-Chronic Disease Prevention
◉ Main Functions/Roles of *Vitamin C* in the body
Answer: 1. *Anti-Oxidant!*
2. *Collagen Synthesis*
-Burn patients need additional Vit C
-Collagen is the connective tissue that makes up our hair, skin, nails,
teeth and helps us to heal things (e.g., bruises, broken bone)
3. *Synthesis of neurotransmitters and some hormones*
, 4. Assists with: *iron absorption*
5. *Immune function*
6. May help *reduce risk* of: *cancer and heart disease*
◉ Main Functions/Roles of *Thiamin* in the body
Answer: -Helps generate *energy* from carbs, amino acids, and fat
(*energy metabolism*)
-*Synthesis of DNA and RNA*
-Functioning of *nervous systems* - needs glucose for energy
◉ Main Functions/Roles of *Riboflavin* in the body
Answer: -*Energy Metabolism most important* - fatty acid
breakdown
-Oxidation/reduction reactions
-Activation of other B vitamins (B6, Folate, Conversion of tryptophan
to niacin)
QUESTIONS SOLUTIONS GRADED A PLUS
NUTRITION FOUNDATIONS REVIEW
◉ Recall how vitamin recommendations are determined.
Answer: Balance studies; how much comes in and how much goes
out (variation in people)
based on healthy people
RDAs are set where 98% of population meets requirements
◉ Main Functions/Roles of *Vitamin D* in the body
Answer: -*Calcium absorption and regulation in blood, Phosphorus
regulation, Bone Metabolism assistance (& teeth)*
-Vit D is a *steroid hormone* that regulates blood calcium and
phosphorus levels, and bone metabolism
-*Adequate calcium and phosphorus are needed for vitamin D to
have positive effects on bones*
,-Active Vitamin D *raises blood levels* by:
--Increasing calcium and phosphorus absorption from small
intestine
**Need Vit D3 to absorb the Ca we eat
--Telling kidney to retain calcium and decrease excretion
--Mobilizing calcium and phosphorus from the bone (bone turnover,
bone resorption)
◉ Main Functions/Roles of *Vitamin K* in the body
Answer: *K1 = blood clotting (KOAGULATION)*
*K2 = Calcium, bone and teeth metabolism*
◉ Main Functions/Roles of *Vitamin A* in the body
Answer: -*Vision* - maintain clear corneas, combines with opsin to
form rhodopsin which *perceives light at the retina*
-*Cell Differentiation and Gene Expression*
,-*Normal growth and development*
-*Immunity*
◉ Main Functions/Roles of *Vitamin E* in the body
Answer: -*Antioxidant*
-Chronic Disease Prevention
◉ Main Functions/Roles of *Vitamin C* in the body
Answer: 1. *Anti-Oxidant!*
2. *Collagen Synthesis*
-Burn patients need additional Vit C
-Collagen is the connective tissue that makes up our hair, skin, nails,
teeth and helps us to heal things (e.g., bruises, broken bone)
3. *Synthesis of neurotransmitters and some hormones*
, 4. Assists with: *iron absorption*
5. *Immune function*
6. May help *reduce risk* of: *cancer and heart disease*
◉ Main Functions/Roles of *Thiamin* in the body
Answer: -Helps generate *energy* from carbs, amino acids, and fat
(*energy metabolism*)
-*Synthesis of DNA and RNA*
-Functioning of *nervous systems* - needs glucose for energy
◉ Main Functions/Roles of *Riboflavin* in the body
Answer: -*Energy Metabolism most important* - fatty acid
breakdown
-Oxidation/reduction reactions
-Activation of other B vitamins (B6, Folate, Conversion of tryptophan
to niacin)
