BIO 322: CELL BIOLOGY – COMPREHENSIVE MACROMOLECULES QUESTION BANK (CH. 3) COMPLETE WITH 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS AND EXPALANATIONS

BIO 322: CELL BIOLOGY – COMPREHENSIVE MACROMOLECULES QUESTION BANK (CH. 3) COMPLETE WITH 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS AND EXPALANATIONS 1. What is the monomer of a protein? A) Nucleotide B) Monosaccharide C) Amino acid D) Fatty acid Correct Answer: C) Amino acid Explanation: An amino acid is the monomer that makes up proteins. It has a central carbon atom bonded to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a variable R group. ________________________________________ 2. Which type of biological macromolecule has a ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen of 1:2:1? A) Nucleic acid B) Carbohydrate C) Protein D) Lipid Correct Answer: B) Carbohydrate Explanation: Carbohydrates are characterized by the general formula (CH₂O)ₙ, meaning the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen is 1:2:1. ________________________________________ 3. What is the secondary protein structure formed by folding a polypeptide into a helix shape and stabilized by hydrogen bonds? A) β-pleated sheet B) α-helix C) Quaternary structure D) Tertiary structure Correct Answer: B) α-helix Explanation: The α-helix is a common secondary structure where the polypeptide backbone coils into a right-handed helix, stabilized by hydrogen bonds between backbone atoms. ________________________________________ 4. What is the name of the bond formed between two monosaccharides during a dehydration reaction? A) Peptide bond B) Glycosidic bond C) Phosphodiester bond D) Hydrogen bond Correct Answer: B) Glycosidic bond Explanation: A glycosidic bond is a covalent bond that links two monosaccharides together, formed through a dehydration synthesis reaction that eliminates a water molecule. ________________________________________ 5. Which polysaccharide forms the outer skeleton of arthropods and also makes up fungal cell walls? A) Cellulose B) Glycogen C) Chitin D) Starch Correct Answer: C) Chitin Explanation: Chitin is a structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeletons of arthropods (like insects and crustaceans) and in the cell walls of fungi. ________________________________________ 6. What is the loss of shape in a protein due to changes in temperature, pH, or chemical exposure called? A) Hydrolysis B) Denaturation C) Polymerization D) Condensation Correct Answer: B) Denaturation Explanation: Denaturation involves the disruption of a protein's secondary and tertiary structures, causing it to lose its native shape and often its biological function. ________________________________________ 7. Which biological macromolecule is a large molecule necessary for life that is built from smaller organic molecules? A) Monomer B) Biological macromolecule C) Oligomer D) Polymer Correct Answer: B) Biological macromolecule Explanation: Biological macromolecules are large, complex molecules (like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) essential for life, formed by the polymerization of smaller organic subunits. ________________________________________ 8. What is the storage form of carbohydrates in animals? A) Starch B) Cellulose C) Glycogen D) Glucose Correct Answer: C) Glycogen Explanation: Glycogen is a highly branched polysaccharide that serves as the primary storage form of glucose in animal cells, primarily in the liver and muscles. ________________________________________ 9. What type of protein acts as a catalyst in a biochemical reaction? A) Hormone B) Antibody C) Enzyme D) Chaperone Correct Answer: C) Enzyme Explanation: Enzymes are proteins (or occasionally RNA) that function as biological catalysts, speeding up the rate of biochemical reactions without being consumed. ________________________________________ 10. A protein that helps a newly forming polypeptide fold into its correct shape is called a: A) Enzyme B) Hormone C) Chaperone D) Antibody Correct Answer: C) Chaperone Explanation: Chaperones (or chaperonins) are proteins that assist in the proper folding of nascent or newly synthesized proteins, preventing aggregation. ________________________________________ 11. What is the name for two sugar monomers linked by a glycosidic bond? A) Monosaccharide B) Polysaccharide C) Disaccharide D) Oligosaccharide Correct Answer: C) Disaccharide Explanation: A disaccharide is a carbohydrate formed when two monosaccharides are joined by a glycosidic bond via a dehydration reaction. ________________________________________ 12. Which molecule carries the hereditary information in a cell? A) Protein