MCA 1 - CLINE - EXAM 1: INFLAMMATION, IMMUNITY,
INFECTION, FLUID & ELECTROLYTES, DIABETES, AND
DELEGATION PRACTICE QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
& EXPLANATIONS
1. A patient is admitted with a severe bacterial infection. Which type of white
blood cell is typically the first to arrive at the site of injury to phagocytize the
bacteria?
A. Lymphocytes
B. Monocytes
C. Eosinophils
D. Neutrophils
Explanation: The cellular response of inflammation involves neutrophils arriving
first to phagocytize bacteria and other foreign objects, forming pus.
2. The immune system's function of identifying and destroying cancer cells is
best described as:
A. Defense
B. Homeostasis
C. Surveillance
D. Tolerance
Explanation: The three functions of the immune response are defense (against
pathogens), homeostasis (removing dead cells), and surveillance (identifying and
destroying mutant or cancerous cells).
,3. When administering the rights of delegation, the nurse ensures the right
person is chosen for the task. What does this primarily involve?
A. Ensuring the delegatee is a licensed nurse.
B. Ensuring the delegatee is the most experienced person on the unit.
C. Ensuring the delegatee has the appropriate knowledge, skills, and abilities.
D. Ensuring the delegatee has the time to perform the task.
Explanation: The "right person" in the five rights of delegation means verifying
that the delegatee is competent and capable of performing the specific task safely.
4. A patient develops a hypersensitivity reaction after receiving a blood
transfusion. This is an example of which type of immune response?
A. Active acquired immunity
B. Cell-mediated immunity
C. Autoimmunity
D. Passive acquired immunity
Explanation: Passive acquired immunity involves receiving pre-formed antibodies
(e.g., from a transfusion or maternal antibodies). While it provides immediate
protection, it can also carry risks like transfusion reactions. Active immunity is
developed by the individual's own body.
5. A patient with diabetes is prescribed metformin. The nurse is aware that a
serious, though rare, adverse effect of this medication is:
A. Hypoglycemia
B. Weight gain
C. Lactic acidosis
D. Pancreatitis
Explanation: A significant disadvantage of metformin is the rare but serious risk of
lactic acidosis, especially in patients with renal impairment, hypoxia, or
dehydration.
,6. Following an organ transplant, the patient is at risk for rejection due to the
recognition of "non-self" tissue. This is primarily determined by the:
A. ABO blood group system
B. Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) system
C. Complement system
D. Rh factor
Explanation: The Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) system is unique to each
person and is crucial in organ/tissue transplantation. A close match is essential to
prevent the immune system from attacking the transplanted organ as foreign.
7. The vascular response in inflammation is characterized by which of the
following initial events?
A. Vasoconstriction and decreased blood flow.
B. Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability.
C. Migration of neutrophils to the site.
D. Formation of a fibrin clot.
Explanation: The vascular response involves immediate vasodilation and
increased capillary permeability to allow fluid, proteins, and immune cells to move
into the injured tissue.
8. A patient who received a tetanus shot after stepping on a rusty nail will
develop immunity. This is an example of:
A. Natural passive acquired immunity
B. Artificial passive acquired immunity
C. Natural active acquired immunity
D. Artificial active acquired immunity
Explanation: Active acquired immunity results from the invasion of foreign bodies
and development of antibodies, either naturally (by having the disease) or
artificially (through vaccinations). A vaccination is an artificial means of gaining
active immunity.
, 9. A newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patient presents with extremely high blood
glucose and severe dehydration but without significant ketone bodies. The nurse
suspects:
A. Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
B. Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS)
C. Hypoglycemia
D. Insulin resistance
Explanation: HHS is characterized by profound hyperglycemia and severe
dehydration without significant ketoacidosis, often triggered by infection, illness,
or new-onset type 2 diabetes.
10. A patient is scheduled for surgery. The nurse recognizes that the formation
of bands of scar tissue between or around organs post-operatively is known as:
A. Stenosis
B. Fistula
C. Adhesions
D. Granuloma
Explanation: Adhesions are bands of scar tissue that can form between or around
organs, often as a result of surgery or infection.
11. A patient with heart failure has fluid volume overload. Which hormone is
primarily released by the heart to help regulate this fluid balance?
A. Aldosterone
B. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
C. Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)
D. Renin
Explanation: The cardiac system regulates fluid volume through the release of
natriuretic peptides (like BNP) from the heart, which promotes sodium and water
excretion in response to increased cardiac stretch, such as in heart failure.
INFECTION, FLUID & ELECTROLYTES, DIABETES, AND
DELEGATION PRACTICE QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
& EXPLANATIONS
1. A patient is admitted with a severe bacterial infection. Which type of white
blood cell is typically the first to arrive at the site of injury to phagocytize the
bacteria?
A. Lymphocytes
B. Monocytes
C. Eosinophils
D. Neutrophils
Explanation: The cellular response of inflammation involves neutrophils arriving
first to phagocytize bacteria and other foreign objects, forming pus.
2. The immune system's function of identifying and destroying cancer cells is
best described as:
A. Defense
B. Homeostasis
C. Surveillance
D. Tolerance
Explanation: The three functions of the immune response are defense (against
pathogens), homeostasis (removing dead cells), and surveillance (identifying and
destroying mutant or cancerous cells).
,3. When administering the rights of delegation, the nurse ensures the right
person is chosen for the task. What does this primarily involve?
A. Ensuring the delegatee is a licensed nurse.
B. Ensuring the delegatee is the most experienced person on the unit.
C. Ensuring the delegatee has the appropriate knowledge, skills, and abilities.
D. Ensuring the delegatee has the time to perform the task.
Explanation: The "right person" in the five rights of delegation means verifying
that the delegatee is competent and capable of performing the specific task safely.
4. A patient develops a hypersensitivity reaction after receiving a blood
transfusion. This is an example of which type of immune response?
A. Active acquired immunity
B. Cell-mediated immunity
C. Autoimmunity
D. Passive acquired immunity
Explanation: Passive acquired immunity involves receiving pre-formed antibodies
(e.g., from a transfusion or maternal antibodies). While it provides immediate
protection, it can also carry risks like transfusion reactions. Active immunity is
developed by the individual's own body.
5. A patient with diabetes is prescribed metformin. The nurse is aware that a
serious, though rare, adverse effect of this medication is:
A. Hypoglycemia
B. Weight gain
C. Lactic acidosis
D. Pancreatitis
Explanation: A significant disadvantage of metformin is the rare but serious risk of
lactic acidosis, especially in patients with renal impairment, hypoxia, or
dehydration.
,6. Following an organ transplant, the patient is at risk for rejection due to the
recognition of "non-self" tissue. This is primarily determined by the:
A. ABO blood group system
B. Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) system
C. Complement system
D. Rh factor
Explanation: The Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) system is unique to each
person and is crucial in organ/tissue transplantation. A close match is essential to
prevent the immune system from attacking the transplanted organ as foreign.
7. The vascular response in inflammation is characterized by which of the
following initial events?
A. Vasoconstriction and decreased blood flow.
B. Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability.
C. Migration of neutrophils to the site.
D. Formation of a fibrin clot.
Explanation: The vascular response involves immediate vasodilation and
increased capillary permeability to allow fluid, proteins, and immune cells to move
into the injured tissue.
8. A patient who received a tetanus shot after stepping on a rusty nail will
develop immunity. This is an example of:
A. Natural passive acquired immunity
B. Artificial passive acquired immunity
C. Natural active acquired immunity
D. Artificial active acquired immunity
Explanation: Active acquired immunity results from the invasion of foreign bodies
and development of antibodies, either naturally (by having the disease) or
artificially (through vaccinations). A vaccination is an artificial means of gaining
active immunity.
, 9. A newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patient presents with extremely high blood
glucose and severe dehydration but without significant ketone bodies. The nurse
suspects:
A. Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
B. Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS)
C. Hypoglycemia
D. Insulin resistance
Explanation: HHS is characterized by profound hyperglycemia and severe
dehydration without significant ketoacidosis, often triggered by infection, illness,
or new-onset type 2 diabetes.
10. A patient is scheduled for surgery. The nurse recognizes that the formation
of bands of scar tissue between or around organs post-operatively is known as:
A. Stenosis
B. Fistula
C. Adhesions
D. Granuloma
Explanation: Adhesions are bands of scar tissue that can form between or around
organs, often as a result of surgery or infection.
11. A patient with heart failure has fluid volume overload. Which hormone is
primarily released by the heart to help regulate this fluid balance?
A. Aldosterone
B. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
C. Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)
D. Renin
Explanation: The cardiac system regulates fluid volume through the release of
natriuretic peptides (like BNP) from the heart, which promotes sodium and water
excretion in response to increased cardiac stretch, such as in heart failure.
