McGraw Hill Connect Exam 1 Study Guide 2026 | Complete Review, Practice
Questions & Test Prep
Eukaryote - ✔✔A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Prokaryote - ✔✔A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Ubiquitous - ✔✔Present or existing everywhere
Photosynthesis - ✔✔- Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.
- Light fueled conversion of CO2 into organic material.
Anoxygenic Photosynthesis - ✔✔No oxygen produced in photosynthesis
Genetic Engineering - ✔✔Manipulation of genetic microbes, plants, and animals to modify
organisms
Recombinant DNA technology - ✔✔The transfer of genetic material from one organism to
another to deliberately alter the DNA and produce a specific product.
Pathogen - ✔✔- Infectious agent
- Causes disease or illness
Sterile - ✔✔Completely free of all life forms, including spores and viruses
Louis Pasteur - ✔✔- A French chemist, this man discovered that heat could kill bacteria that
otherwise spoiled liquids including milk, wine, and beer.
,- Introduced the germ theory.
- Began pasteurizing milk to kill bacteria.
- Contributed to the understanding of microbial role in wine, beer, and milk.
Robert Koch - ✔✔- Developed the culture plate method to identify pathogens.
- Verified the germ theory.
Six major groups of microorganisms - ✔✔- Bacteria
- Helminths (worms)
- Protozoa
- Fungi
- Algae
- Viruses ( can infect all of the above)
Helminth - ✔✔A parasitic worm (Ex. Tapeworm, Liver fluke, Ascarid, or Leech).
Immunology - ✔✔Study of host response to infection
Epidemiology - ✔✔- Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and
control of diseases that affect large numbers of people.
- Study of community health.
Geomicrobiology - ✔✔Study of microbes in the earth's crust
Biotechnology - ✔✔- A form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify
products, to make or modify plants and animals, or to develop other microorganisms for specific
purposes.
, - The use of microbes of their products for commercial or industrial purposes.
Virus - ✔✔- Acellular microbes that are comprised of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein
coat.
- Uses an infected host cells genetic and metabolic machinery for reproduction and assembly.
- Nonliving agents that require a host cell to complete their life cycle.
Binomial System of Nomenclature - ✔✔Scientific name combination starting with the generic
name and ending with the species name
Archaea - ✔✔- Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not contain
peptidoglycan.
- Prokaryotic single celled organism of primitive origin that are capable of living in extreme or
very harsh environments.
Peptidoglycan - ✔✔A protein-carbohydrate compound that makes the cell walls of bacteria
rigid.
Whittaker system of classification - ✔✔- Kingdoms based on cell structure and type, body
organization and nutritional type
~ Plantae
~ Protista
~ Monera
~ Fungi
~ Animalia
Levels of classification (largest to smallest) - ✔✔~ Domain
~ Kingdom
Questions & Test Prep
Eukaryote - ✔✔A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Prokaryote - ✔✔A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Ubiquitous - ✔✔Present or existing everywhere
Photosynthesis - ✔✔- Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.
- Light fueled conversion of CO2 into organic material.
Anoxygenic Photosynthesis - ✔✔No oxygen produced in photosynthesis
Genetic Engineering - ✔✔Manipulation of genetic microbes, plants, and animals to modify
organisms
Recombinant DNA technology - ✔✔The transfer of genetic material from one organism to
another to deliberately alter the DNA and produce a specific product.
Pathogen - ✔✔- Infectious agent
- Causes disease or illness
Sterile - ✔✔Completely free of all life forms, including spores and viruses
Louis Pasteur - ✔✔- A French chemist, this man discovered that heat could kill bacteria that
otherwise spoiled liquids including milk, wine, and beer.
,- Introduced the germ theory.
- Began pasteurizing milk to kill bacteria.
- Contributed to the understanding of microbial role in wine, beer, and milk.
Robert Koch - ✔✔- Developed the culture plate method to identify pathogens.
- Verified the germ theory.
Six major groups of microorganisms - ✔✔- Bacteria
- Helminths (worms)
- Protozoa
- Fungi
- Algae
- Viruses ( can infect all of the above)
Helminth - ✔✔A parasitic worm (Ex. Tapeworm, Liver fluke, Ascarid, or Leech).
Immunology - ✔✔Study of host response to infection
Epidemiology - ✔✔- Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and
control of diseases that affect large numbers of people.
- Study of community health.
Geomicrobiology - ✔✔Study of microbes in the earth's crust
Biotechnology - ✔✔- A form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify
products, to make or modify plants and animals, or to develop other microorganisms for specific
purposes.
, - The use of microbes of their products for commercial or industrial purposes.
Virus - ✔✔- Acellular microbes that are comprised of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein
coat.
- Uses an infected host cells genetic and metabolic machinery for reproduction and assembly.
- Nonliving agents that require a host cell to complete their life cycle.
Binomial System of Nomenclature - ✔✔Scientific name combination starting with the generic
name and ending with the species name
Archaea - ✔✔- Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not contain
peptidoglycan.
- Prokaryotic single celled organism of primitive origin that are capable of living in extreme or
very harsh environments.
Peptidoglycan - ✔✔A protein-carbohydrate compound that makes the cell walls of bacteria
rigid.
Whittaker system of classification - ✔✔- Kingdoms based on cell structure and type, body
organization and nutritional type
~ Plantae
~ Protista
~ Monera
~ Fungi
~ Animalia
Levels of classification (largest to smallest) - ✔✔~ Domain
~ Kingdom
