CARDIOVASCULAR PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG THERAPY ACTUAL EXAM PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS SOLUTIONS GRADED A+

CARDIOVASCULAR PHARMACOLOGY
AND DRUG THERAPY ACTUAL EXAM
PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+

●● Pressure in the cardiovascular system. Answer: Depends on three
factors: the pump, tubing, and the fluid.


●● Cardiovascular drug. Answer: Any agent that affects the function of
the heart and blood vessels.


●● Drug therapy for hypertension. Answer: Medications that decrease
peripheral resistance, blood volume, or the strength and rate of
myocardial contraction.


●● Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACE Inhibitors).
Answer: Medications that promote vasodilation and excretion of sodium
and water.


●● Prototype medication for ACE inhibitors. Answer: Captopril.


●● Therapeutic uses of ACE inhibitors. Answer: Hypertension; heart
failure; myocardial infarction; diabetic and nondiabetic nephropathy.

, ●● Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs). Answer: Medications that
block the actions of angiotensin II.


●● Prototype medication for ARBs. Answer: Losartan.


●● Difference between ARBs and ACE inhibitors. Answer: ARBs block
the actions of angiotensin II; ACE inhibitors block the formation of
angiotensin II.


●● Aldosterone antagonists. Answer: Medications that promote
excretion of sodium and water and retention of potassium.


●● Prototype medication for aldosterone antagonists. Answer:
Eplerenone.


●● Direct renin inhibitors. Answer: Medications that decrease
production of both angiotensin II and aldosterone.


●● Prototype medication for direct renin inhibitors. Answer: Aliskiren.


●● Calcium channel blockers. Answer: Medications that cause
vasodilation of vascular smooth muscle and arteries.