MICROBIOLOGY EXAM #1 (CHAPTER 1-5) QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026

MICROBIOLOGY EXAM #1 (CHAPTER 1-5) QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026 Anton van Leeuwenhoek - Answers Father of Microbiology; first to observe microorganisms through crude microscope. Robert Hooke - Answers First to observe cells which sparked the beginning of cell theory. Rudolf Virchow - Answers Proposed the idea of biogenesis to challenge the belief of spontaneous generation. Louis Pasteur - Answers Created "s" neck flask experiment to disprove spontaneous generation and give basis to aseptic practices known today; pasteurization Robert Koch - Answers Established experimental steps for directly linking a specific microbe to a specific disease (Koch's postulates). Joseph Lister - Answers Applied germ theory to medical procedures and proved that microbes caused surgical wound infections. Alexander Fleming - Answers Discovered penicillin Edward Jenner - Answers Developed a vaccine for smallpox (immunity). spontaneous generation - Answers The belief that life could spontaneously arise from nonliving matter. Biogenesis - Answers The theory that living cells arise only from preexisting living cells (life from life). cell theory - Answers The theory that all living things are composed of cells. Pasteurization - Answers The process of treating a substance with heat to destroy or slow the growth of pathogens. Germ Theory of Disease - Answers The idea that microorganisms might cause disease. What are the steps of Koch's postulates? - Answers 1. Microorganisms isolated from diseased or dead animal 2. The microorganisms are cultured and identified 3. Microorganisms are then inoculated into a healthy lab animal 4. Disease is reproduced 5. The microorganisms are isolated from this animal, cultured, and identified 6. Compare ID of 2 cultures Bacteriology - Answers study of bacteria Mycology - Answers study of fungi Parasitology - Answers study of protozoa and parasitic worms Immunology - Answers study of the immune system Virology - Answers study of viruses Recombinant DNA - Answers DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources. Bioremediation - Answers The use of living organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems Name the different types of macromolecules in the human body. - Answers Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, Catabolism - Answers Type of metabolism in which complex organic compounds are broken down into simpler ones. Anabolism - Answers Type of metabolism in which complex organic compounds are built from simpler ones. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) - Answers Main source of energy for cell function; stores energy from catabolic reactions and releases it later to drive anabolic reactions. ADP (adenosine diphosphate) - Answers Precursor to ATP; formed when phosphate splits from ATP and energy is released tot fuel anabolic reactions Enzyme - Answers Protein that catalyzes biochemical reactions. substrate - Answers Reactants of a chemical reaction Active site - Answers Surface of substrate touching a specific region of the surface of the enzyme molecule. OIL RIG stands for - Answers oxidation is loss, reduction is gain Oxidation - Answers Loss of one or more electrons Reduction - Answers Gaining of one or more electrons Phosphorylation - Answers The metabolic process of introducing a phosphate group into an organic molecule. Oxidative phosphorylation - Answers The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration. ATP synthase - Answers Large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP; electron transport chain. What factors affect enzyme performance? - Answers Temperature, pH, and the substrate. How does an enzyme speed up a reaction? - Answers Lowers the energy required for activation; enzyme increases the probability of a reaction happening because it takes the reactants (tracks them down) and places them in the active site. Chemical pathway - Answers A series of chemical reactions. Resolution (resolving power) - Answers The ability to clearly distinguish 2 closely positioned objects. Why do oil immersion lenses have a higher resolving power? - Answers The oil prevents light from escaping. What are the 3 general bacterial shapes? - Answers Coccus, spiral, and bacillus. What is peptidoglycan made of? - Answers Proteins and carbohydrates What happens when gram-negative cells die? - Answers Lipid A is released which can cause fever, shock, blood clotting and even death. What are the main differences between gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria? - Answers Gram-pos bacteria have a thicccccc peptidoglycan wall, while gram-neg bacteria don't. Also, gram-neg bacteria have an outer membrane Brightfield Microscope - Answers Light microscope that allows direct transmission of light to the specimen producing a brightly lit background. Darkfield Microscope - Answers Light microscope that produces an image of a light cell against a dark background; internal structures are NOT visible. Phase-Contrast Microscope - Answers Light microscope is useful in examining living, unstained cells. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) - Answers A microscope that uses an electron beam to study the surface architecture of a cell or other specimen (must be killed); produced 3D image. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) - Answers A microscope that uses an electron beam to study the internal structure of thinly sectioned specimens (must be killed). Simple stain - Answers Use of a single basic dye. Differential stain - Answers Use two different colored stains (ex: gram stain) What is the the glycocalyx and what is its function? - Answers It is the sticky, gelatinous layer external to the cell wall. It allows for adherence (biofilms) and protection from antibiotics and phagocytosis.