BIO 322: CELL BIOLOGY | WITH QUESTIONS AND DETAILED ANSWERS GRADED SURE TO PASS 100%

1. Systematic review: A. means conducting a thorough search for all relevant data and quantitatively synthesizing those data using meta-analysis. B. can reveal that some previously underused intervention is in fact highly effective. C. is rigorously performed in a repeatable manner. D. All of the above ANSWER D. All of the above 2. The controversial suggestion to practice triage in conservation could mean "giving up" if: A. the level of threat is high and the probability of long-term persistence or recovery is high. B. the level of threat is low and the probability of long-term persistence or recovery is high. C. the level of threat is high and the probability of long-term persistence or recovery is low. D. None of the above ANSWER C. the level of threat is high and the probability of long-term persistence or recovery is low. 3. The active removal of pollutants from the environment is called: A. restoration. B. remediation. C. rehabilitation. D. reintroduction. ANSWER B. remediation. 4. What is remediation? ANSWER Remediation is the active removal of pollutants from soil or water. 5. What is restoration? ANSWER Restoration is the science and practice of assisting the recovery of degraded or damaged ecosystems. A restoration project may or may not include the active removal of pollutants from the environment. 6. What is rehabilitation? ANSWER Rehabilitation involves treating sick or injured individuals and then releasing them back into the wild. 7. What is reintroduction? ANSWER Reintroduction is the reestablishment of a locally extinct plant or animal population. 8. According to the figure below, restoration is most likely to occur spontaneously and without extensive human intervention in areas with: A. low productivity and high stress. B. moderate productivity and moderate stress. C. high productivity and low stress. D. none of the above conditions. ANSWER B. moderate productivity and moderate stress. 9. Active intervention is likely needed to restore areas of high productivity and low stress because: A. such conditions could favor the rapid growth of invasive species. B. there may be few seeds of native plant species present in such areas. C. these conditions foster a higher rate of erosion. D. None of the above A. such conditions could favor the rapid growth of invasive species 10. A restoration project may seek to: A. recreate historical conditions. B. create habitat for particular species of conservation concern. C. promote particular ecosystem functions. D. achieve any of the above objectives. ANSWE D. achieve any of the above objectives. 11. Capturing sick or injured individuals from the wild, treating them, and releasing them back into the wild is called: A. captive breeding. B. reintroduction. C. rehabilitation. D. translocation. ANSWER C. rehabilitation. 12. Hatcheries can be harmful to wild populations for all of the following reasons, except: A. hatcheries can quickly generate large numbers of individuals. B. hatchery-raised individuals may be larger than wild individuals at the time of release. C. hatcheries select for traits well suited to domestication. D. hatcheries can reduce the genetic diversity of a population. A. hatcheries can quickly generate large numbers of individuals. 13. Zoos have become important players in conservation by: A. educating the urban public and eliciting broad support for conservation. B. providing a last-ditch opportunity for captive breeding and possible reintroduction of highly threatened species. C. paying detailed attention to the pedigree of individuals and managing worldwide collections as single populations for breeding purposes. D. engaging in all of the above activities. ANSWER D. engaging in all of the above activities. 14. Efforts to breed and reintroduce the California condor have cost tens of millions of taxpayer dollars. Why might these efforts end up being unsuccessful? A. Condors did not respond well to captive breeding efforts. B. The continued use of lead ammunition, only recently banned, has caused lead poisoning of many condors. C. Poaching of condors continues unabated. D. All of the above ANSWER B. The continued use of lead ammunition, only recently banned, has caused lead poisoning of many condors. 15. Which of these statements would not provide evidence of the shifting baselines phenomenon? A. Younger fishermen recall best-ever catches that are smaller than those recalled by older fishermen B. Compared to their children, parents estimate the normal abundance of a species to be much lower. C. Ecologists failed to recognize that a species was once abundant in an area they had tried to restore. D. Molecular studies revealed that a high amount of genetic diversity persists among the few remaining Toromiro trees. ANSWER D. Molecular studies revealed that a high amount of genetic diversity persists among the few remaining Toromiro trees. 16. According to the figure below, restored sites: A. provide greater levels of regulating ecosystem services than degraded sites but lower levels than reference sites. B. support higher levels of ecosystem function than both degraded and reference sites. C. harbor greater biodiversity than reference sites but less than degraded sites. D. are all of the above. A. provide greater levels of regulating ecosystem services than degraded sites but lower levels than reference sites. 17. Deforestation is associated with changes to ecosystem services including: A. reduced carbon sequestration. B. a more constant supply of fresh water. C. reduced erosion of soil and siltation of streams. D. all of the above. A. reduced carbon sequestration. 18. Which of these nations or regions experienced a net gain of forest cover between 2000 and 2012? A. China B. Indonesia C. eastern Russia D. central South America ANSWER A .China 19. The figure below shows that a large fire in Borneo damaged nearly 60% of forest areas that had been previously logged but less than 6% of intact forest areas. Logged areas may experience greater fire damage if logging: A. leaves behind large amounts of highly flammable plant material on the forest floor. B. increases the amount of sunlight entering the forest, thereby causing remaining trees and downed branches to become drier and more flammable. C. involves construction of roads that fragment forests and create edge effects. D. is characterized by any of the above statements. ANSWER D. is characterized by any of the above statements. 20. The data shown in the figure below show that salvage logging (logging after a fire): A. enhanced regeneration of conifers and increased the amount of fine and coarse woody debris that could fuel future fires. B. suppressed regeneration of conifers and increased the amount of fine and coarse woody debris that could fuel future fires. C. enhanced regeneration of conifers and reduced the amount of fine and coarse woody debris that could fuel future fires. D. suppressed regeneration of conifers and reduced the amount of fine and coarse woody debris that could fuel future fires. ANSWER B. suppressed regeneration of conifers and increased the amount of fine and coarse woody debris that could fuel future fires. 21. Forest conservation could be enhanced by: A. government subsidies in the form of road building. B. consumer willingness to pay higher prices for tropical woods such as mahogany regardless of how the trees are harvested. C. planning efforts that steer deforestation for economic development away from areas of high conservation value. D. All of the above C. planning efforts that steer deforestation for economic development away from areas of high conservation value. 22. The figure below shows the percentage of species retained following logging. The data suggest that species richness is: A. is strongly reduced by logging operations. B. of mammals was reduced by logging more than was the species richness of birds. C. is reasonably well maintained on logged lands, where reductions in the number of species average less than 10% for most groups and less than 20% for birds. D. None of the above ANSWER C. is reasonably well maintained on logged lands, where reductions in the number of species average less than 10% for most groups and less than 20% for birds. 23. Past estimates of forest cover have not been very reliable. Which of these is not a factor that undermined the reliability of those estimates? A. Surveyors sometimes intentionally misreported data. B. It is impossible to use satellite imagery to distinguish different biomes such as grassland, desert, and forest. C. Estimates of forest cover were rarely verified by ground surveys. D. Remote sensing images were not consistently of sufficiently high resolution. ANSWER B. It is impossible to use satellite imagery to distinguish different biomes such as grassland, desert, and forest. 24. Which of these statements about the climate-fire-land management nexus is correct? A. Forest fires release climate-warming carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. B. More frequent droughts can cause tree mortality that can lead to catastrophic, high-intensity fires. C. Poor land management, including prolonged periods of fire suppression, can lead to intense fires that cause greater tree mortality. D. All of the above ANSWER D. All of the above 25. Which of these practices is not characteristic of sustainable forestry operations? A. Logging is prohibited on steep slopes and near streams. B. Forests are managed as single-aged stands on a short harvest rotation. C. Harvest plans account for the needs of species, such as nesting sites and key habitats. D. Road building is kept to a minimum. ANSWER B. Forests are managed as single-aged stands on a short harvest rotation. 26. Which of these factors is not thought to have contributed to Brazil's recent success in reducing the rate of deforestation? A. Mapping land ownership B. Using satellite imagery to spot violations C. Increasing production of soy on already converted lands D. Increasing the amount of land dedicated to beef production ANSWER D. Increasing the amount of land dedicated to beef production 27. Roads can be a major liability for forest conservation because they: A. facilitate expansion of mining, agriculture, and human settlements. B. cause mortality of animals due to collisions with vehicles. C. fragment habitat, causing edge effects and reducing the probability of dispersal among habitat patches. D. All of the above ANSWER D. All of the above 28. Which of the following statements regarding freshwater ecosystems is false? A. Species that rely on freshwater habitats are overrepresented on lists of at-risk species compared to terrestrial species. B. The extinction rate of freshwater species is estimated to be three times higher than that of marine species and five times higher than that of terrestrial species. C. Freshwater ecosystems account for about 6% of Earth's surface, and about 1% of all described species rely on freshwater ecosystems for part or all of their life cycle. D. Freshwater ecosystems provide valuable ecosystem services ranging from provision, regulation, and purification of fresh water to flood control and sediment transport. ANSWER C. Freshwater ecosystems account for about 6% of Earth's surface, and about 1% of all described species rely on freshwater ecosystems for part or all of their life cycle. 29. The IUCN lists approximately one-third of all evaluated amphibian species as vulnerable, endangered, or critically endangered. Which of the following threats are thought to be responsible for the widespread amphibian decline? A. Overharvest B. Habitat destruction C. Fungal disease D. All of the above ANSWER D. All of the above 30. Only 2.5% of all water on Earth is fresh water, as opposed to brackish or salt water. Most of this fresh water can be found in: A. lakes and rivers. B. shallow aquifers, accessible for human use. C. deep aquifers, inaccessible for human use. D. glaciers or polar ice caps ANSWER D. glaciers or polar ice caps 31. Which of the following statements describing how global climate change is predicted to affect the supply of fresh water is false? A. The volume of precipitation will decline uniformly across landmasses. B. Rising sea level will increase the extent of saltwater intrusion in coastal rivers and aquifers. C. Melting of mountain glaciers will cause increased flooding in the short term and water shortages in the long term. D. Precipitation will increasingly come in the form of rain rather than snow, which will exacerbate flooding during the rainy season and water shortages during the dry season. ANSWER A . The volume of precipitation will decline uniformly across landmasses. 32. Besides blocking the movement of fish and invertebrates, dams harm ecosystems by: A. converting fast-flowing water into large lake-like habitats. B. reducing the seasonal variability of stream flow. C. flooding and thereby destroying riparian habitats. D. All of the above ANSWER D. All of the above 33. Which of the following would be considered a point source of water pollution? A. Urban storm sewers B. Runoff from agricultural fields C. Effluent from a factory D. Sedimentation due to logging ANSWER C. Effluent from a factory 34. Strategies for restoring the natural flow patterns that many freshwater species rely on include: A. removing selected dams that produce minimal societal benefits at great ecological cost. B. releasing water from dams to more closely resemble the natural timing and variability of stream flow. C. removing levees to reconnect rivers to floodplains in select areas. D. All of the above ANSWER D. All of the above 35. In this example, describe the relationship between the abundance of birds and horseshoe crab eggs: A. A decline in crab eggs causes a decline in the number of birds. B. A decline in the number of birds causes a decline in the number of crab eggs. C. Causation between birds and crab eggs cannot be determined from these data. D. Either A or B is correct. ANSWER C. Causation between birds and crab eggs cannot be determined from these data. 36. Based on this graph, which of the below are potential solutions to increase food supply? A. Increase land area devoted to agriculture. B. Increase the average yield (tons of food per hectare). C. Increase aquaculture farming in the oceans. D. A and B ANSWER D. A and B 37. Green Revolution technologies are responsible for: A. Increasing Earth's carrying capacity for humans B. Synthetic pesticide production. C. Synthetic fertilizer production. D. Development of high-yielding crop varieties. E. B, C, and D. F. All of the above. ANSWER F. All of the above. 38. In streams and lakes, algae: A. Is a food source for organisms. B. Consumes O2, causing water to become anoxic. C. Produces O2. D. Grows in response to nitrogen and phosphorus. E. A, B, and D. F. A, C, and D. G. All of the above. ANSWER F. A, C, and D. 39. Which of the following is true about organically vs. conventionally grown food? A. Organic products are often more expensive. B. Organic food likely has a lower carbon footprint. C. Organic food likely has a lower nitrogen footprint. D. Organic certification allows limited genetic modification (transgenic technology). E. A and B. F. All of the above. ANSWER E. A and B. 40. Eutrophication of freshwater in the United States costs _______ per year in lost recreational income and property value, and costs of endangered species and drinking water recovery. A. $20,000 B. $200,000 C. $2,000,000 D. $2 billion E. $2 trillion ANSWER D. $2 billion