,NUR 611 Final Exam Review | Questions and
Answers | 2026 Updated | 100% Correct -
Utica College
1. Which of the following best describes cellular adaptation in which one adult cell type is replaced by
another adult cell type?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Metaplasia
C) Dysplasia
D) Hypertrophy
Correct Answer: Metaplasia
Rationale: Metaplasia is a reversible change where one differentiated cell type is replaced by another,
often in response to chronic irritation, such as Barrett esophagus (squamous to columnar). Hyperplasia is
an increase in cell number, hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, and dysplasia is abnormal cell growth.
2. What is the primary mechanism of injury in reperfusion injury?
A) Increased ATP production
B) Reduced calcium influx
C) Oxidative stress from reactive oxygen species
D) Decreased inflammatory response
Correct Answer: Oxidative stress from reactive oxygen species
Rationale: When blood flow is restored to ischemic tissue, a burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is
generated, overwhelming antioxidant defenses. This leads to lipid peroxidation, protein damage, and
mitochondrial dysfunction, worsening cellular injury.
3. The nurse is teaching a patient about the genetic basis of Huntington disease. Which pattern of
inheritance is characteristic?
,A) Autosomal recessive
B) X-linked recessive
C) Autosomal dominant
D) Mitochondrial
Correct Answer: Autosomal dominant
Rationale: Huntington disease is caused by a CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion on chromosome 4 and
follows autosomal dominant inheritance. A child of an affected parent has a 50% chance of inheriting
the mutation.
4. Which of the following is an example of passive immunity?
A) Vaccination with a live attenuated virus
B) Administration of preformed antibodies (immunoglobulin)
C) Infection with a pathogen
D) T-cell activation after antigen exposure
Correct Answer: Administration of preformed antibodies (immunoglobulin)
Rationale: Passive immunity involves the transfer of preformed antibodies without activating the
recipient's immune system, as with maternal IgG crossing the placenta or administration of IV
immunoglobulin. Active immunity involves the host's immune response.
5. A researcher is studying a tumor suppressor gene. Which of the following is a well-known tumor
suppressor?
A) KRAS
B) MYC
C) TP53
D) HER2/neu
, Correct Answer: TP53
Rationale: TP53 encodes the p53 protein, which regulates the cell cycle and promotes apoptosis of
damaged cells. KRAS and MYC are oncogenes; HER2/neu is an oncogene overexpressed in some breast
cancers.
6. What is the primary mechanism by which nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduce
inflammation?
A) Inhibition of lipoxygenase
B) Blockade of histamine H1 receptors
C) Inhibition of cyclooxygenase enzymes
D) Antagonism of leukotriene receptors
Correct Answer: Inhibition of cyclooxygenase enzymes
Rationale: NSAIDs inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2), reducing the conversion of arachidonic
acid to prostaglandins, thereby decreasing pain, fever, and inflammation. Lipoxygenase is inhibited by
some other agents; histamine and leukotriene receptors are blocked by antihistamines and leukotriene
inhibitors.
7. A patient presents with anaphylaxis. Which immunoglobulin is primarily involved?
A) IgA
B) IgG
C) IgM
D) IgE
Correct Answer: IgE
Rationale: Anaphylaxis is a type I hypersensitivity reaction mediated by IgE antibodies bound to mast
cells and basophils. Cross-linking by allergen leads to mast cell degranulation and release of histamine
and other mediators.
Answers | 2026 Updated | 100% Correct -
Utica College
1. Which of the following best describes cellular adaptation in which one adult cell type is replaced by
another adult cell type?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Metaplasia
C) Dysplasia
D) Hypertrophy
Correct Answer: Metaplasia
Rationale: Metaplasia is a reversible change where one differentiated cell type is replaced by another,
often in response to chronic irritation, such as Barrett esophagus (squamous to columnar). Hyperplasia is
an increase in cell number, hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, and dysplasia is abnormal cell growth.
2. What is the primary mechanism of injury in reperfusion injury?
A) Increased ATP production
B) Reduced calcium influx
C) Oxidative stress from reactive oxygen species
D) Decreased inflammatory response
Correct Answer: Oxidative stress from reactive oxygen species
Rationale: When blood flow is restored to ischemic tissue, a burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is
generated, overwhelming antioxidant defenses. This leads to lipid peroxidation, protein damage, and
mitochondrial dysfunction, worsening cellular injury.
3. The nurse is teaching a patient about the genetic basis of Huntington disease. Which pattern of
inheritance is characteristic?
,A) Autosomal recessive
B) X-linked recessive
C) Autosomal dominant
D) Mitochondrial
Correct Answer: Autosomal dominant
Rationale: Huntington disease is caused by a CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion on chromosome 4 and
follows autosomal dominant inheritance. A child of an affected parent has a 50% chance of inheriting
the mutation.
4. Which of the following is an example of passive immunity?
A) Vaccination with a live attenuated virus
B) Administration of preformed antibodies (immunoglobulin)
C) Infection with a pathogen
D) T-cell activation after antigen exposure
Correct Answer: Administration of preformed antibodies (immunoglobulin)
Rationale: Passive immunity involves the transfer of preformed antibodies without activating the
recipient's immune system, as with maternal IgG crossing the placenta or administration of IV
immunoglobulin. Active immunity involves the host's immune response.
5. A researcher is studying a tumor suppressor gene. Which of the following is a well-known tumor
suppressor?
A) KRAS
B) MYC
C) TP53
D) HER2/neu
, Correct Answer: TP53
Rationale: TP53 encodes the p53 protein, which regulates the cell cycle and promotes apoptosis of
damaged cells. KRAS and MYC are oncogenes; HER2/neu is an oncogene overexpressed in some breast
cancers.
6. What is the primary mechanism by which nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduce
inflammation?
A) Inhibition of lipoxygenase
B) Blockade of histamine H1 receptors
C) Inhibition of cyclooxygenase enzymes
D) Antagonism of leukotriene receptors
Correct Answer: Inhibition of cyclooxygenase enzymes
Rationale: NSAIDs inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2), reducing the conversion of arachidonic
acid to prostaglandins, thereby decreasing pain, fever, and inflammation. Lipoxygenase is inhibited by
some other agents; histamine and leukotriene receptors are blocked by antihistamines and leukotriene
inhibitors.
7. A patient presents with anaphylaxis. Which immunoglobulin is primarily involved?
A) IgA
B) IgG
C) IgM
D) IgE
Correct Answer: IgE
Rationale: Anaphylaxis is a type I hypersensitivity reaction mediated by IgE antibodies bound to mast
cells and basophils. Cross-linking by allergen leads to mast cell degranulation and release of histamine
and other mediators.
