BIO 168 final Exam Questions and Answers |
Latest Update 2026/2027 | Graded A+ |
Guaranteed Pass.
Define Anatomy ANSWERS Anatomy studies the structure of body parts and their
relationships to one another. Body structures can be seen, felt, and examined closely
Define Physiology ANSWERS Physiology concerns the function of the body, in
other words, how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities.
What is a spinal reflex and give example ANSWERS Only involes nerves but not
brain; Example: Knee jerk
What does it mean to say that stimuli crossover ANSWERS It refers to nerves
senses crossing over from the left side of body to right side of brain and vice versa. the
crossover in medulla
What does feedback control do? ANSWERS Regardless of the factor or event
being regulated—the variable—all homeostatic control mechanisms have at least three
interdependent components (Figure 1.4). The first component, the receptor, is some
type of sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes, called stimuli,
by sending information (input) to the second component, the control center. Input flows
from the receptor to the control center along the so-called afferent pathway. The control
center, which determines the set point (the level or range at which a variable is to be
maintained), analyzes the input it receives and then determines the appropriate
response or course of action. The third component, the effector, provides the means for
the control center's response (output) to the stimulus. Information flows from the control
center to the effector along the efferent pathway. The results of the response then feed
back to influence the stimulus, either depressing it (negative feedback) so that the
whole control mechanism is shut off or enhancing it (positive feedback) so that the
reaction continues at an even faster rate
How are negative and positive feedback control different and Give an example of each
ANSWERS Negative Feedback is self-regulatory mechanism - Received info about
change, then reverses change back toward normal -output shuts off stimulus -prevent
small changes from becoming too large Ex - Blood glucose or Body temperature.
Positive Feedback is rare because output enhances stimulus -Ex - Labor or Blood
clotting
,What the function of the dorsal root as seen in a cross section of the spinal cord
ANSWERS Sensory
What the function of the ventral root as seen in a cross section of the spinal cord
ANSWERS motor
Why study A and P together ANSWERS Because function always reflects
structure. For example, bones can support and protect body organs because they
contain hard mineral deposits, and blood flows in one direction through the heart
because the heart has valves that prevent backflow.
What is homeostasis? ANSWERS Homeostasis is used to describe its ability to
maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes
continuously. Although the literal translation of homeostasis is "unchanging," the term
does not really mean a static, or unchanging, state. Rather, it indicates a dynamic state
of equilibrium, or a balance, in which internal conditions vary, but always within relatively
narrow limits. In general, the body is in homeostasis when its needs are adequately met
and it is functioning smoothly.
The branches beyond this point make up the ____ ANSWERS Cauda equinum -
where spinal nerves fan out
what are the Eleven body systems ANSWERS Integumentary, Skeletal, muscular,
nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary,
reproductive
Give general functions and organs in Integumentary ANSWERS ********Need
More. Function: _________ Organ:skin
Give general functions and organs in Skeletal ANSWERS Function: Protects &
supports body organs. Organ: bones
Give general functions and organs in muscular ANSWERS Function: Allows
manipulation of the environment Organ: muscles - skeletal, smooth in organs and
vessels, cardiac
Give general functions and organs in nervous ANSWERS ********Need More.
Function: _________ Organ: brain, spinal cord, peripheral
,Give general functions and organs in cardiovascular ANSWERS Function: Blood
vessels carry blood with O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, etc, and heart pumps blood.
Organ: heart and vessels
Define metabolism? ANSWERS Metabolism (mĕ-tab′o-lizm; "a state of change") is
a broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells. It includes
breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks (more specifically called
catabolism), synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances
(anabolism), and using nutrients and oxygen to produce (via cellular respiration) ATP,
the energy-rich molecules that power cellular activities. Metabolism depends on the
digestive and respiratory systems to make nutrients and oxygen available to the blood
and on the cardiovascular system to distribute these needed substances throughout the
body. Metabolism is regulated largely by hormones secreted by endocrine system
glands.
Give general functions and organs in endocrine ANSWERS ********Need More.
Function: _________ Organ: hormones - sex organs, thyroid, pancreas
What are the three subatomic particles? ANSWERS Proton (+), Neutron (no
charge), electrons~Orbitals (-)
Know the three subatomic particles by charge and location? ANSWERS
********Need More
Give general functions and organs in lymphatic ANSWERS Function: Picks up
fluid leaked from blood vessels. Organ: Lymph Nodes
Give general functions and organs in respiratory ANSWERS Function: Keeps
blood full of O2 and remove CO2. Organ: lungs
Give general functions and organs in digestive ANSWERS Function: breaks down
food into absorbable units. Organ: esophagus, stomach, intestines
Give general functions and organs in urinary ANSWERS Function: Eliminates
nitrogenous wastes from the body. Organ: kidneys, bladder
Give general functions and organs in reproductive? ANSWERS ********Need
More. Function: _________ Organ: reproduction and secondary sex characteristics
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What are the 4 major Elements in the body? ANSWERS C - carbon, H - hydrogen,
O - oxygen, N - nitrogen
Know names and symbols C, H, O, N, K, Na, Ca, Cl, Fe, P, S, I? ANSWERS Ca -
calcium, P - phosphorus, K - potassium, Na - sodium
Latest Update 2026/2027 | Graded A+ |
Guaranteed Pass.
Define Anatomy ANSWERS Anatomy studies the structure of body parts and their
relationships to one another. Body structures can be seen, felt, and examined closely
Define Physiology ANSWERS Physiology concerns the function of the body, in
other words, how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities.
What is a spinal reflex and give example ANSWERS Only involes nerves but not
brain; Example: Knee jerk
What does it mean to say that stimuli crossover ANSWERS It refers to nerves
senses crossing over from the left side of body to right side of brain and vice versa. the
crossover in medulla
What does feedback control do? ANSWERS Regardless of the factor or event
being regulated—the variable—all homeostatic control mechanisms have at least three
interdependent components (Figure 1.4). The first component, the receptor, is some
type of sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes, called stimuli,
by sending information (input) to the second component, the control center. Input flows
from the receptor to the control center along the so-called afferent pathway. The control
center, which determines the set point (the level or range at which a variable is to be
maintained), analyzes the input it receives and then determines the appropriate
response or course of action. The third component, the effector, provides the means for
the control center's response (output) to the stimulus. Information flows from the control
center to the effector along the efferent pathway. The results of the response then feed
back to influence the stimulus, either depressing it (negative feedback) so that the
whole control mechanism is shut off or enhancing it (positive feedback) so that the
reaction continues at an even faster rate
How are negative and positive feedback control different and Give an example of each
ANSWERS Negative Feedback is self-regulatory mechanism - Received info about
change, then reverses change back toward normal -output shuts off stimulus -prevent
small changes from becoming too large Ex - Blood glucose or Body temperature.
Positive Feedback is rare because output enhances stimulus -Ex - Labor or Blood
clotting
,What the function of the dorsal root as seen in a cross section of the spinal cord
ANSWERS Sensory
What the function of the ventral root as seen in a cross section of the spinal cord
ANSWERS motor
Why study A and P together ANSWERS Because function always reflects
structure. For example, bones can support and protect body organs because they
contain hard mineral deposits, and blood flows in one direction through the heart
because the heart has valves that prevent backflow.
What is homeostasis? ANSWERS Homeostasis is used to describe its ability to
maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes
continuously. Although the literal translation of homeostasis is "unchanging," the term
does not really mean a static, or unchanging, state. Rather, it indicates a dynamic state
of equilibrium, or a balance, in which internal conditions vary, but always within relatively
narrow limits. In general, the body is in homeostasis when its needs are adequately met
and it is functioning smoothly.
The branches beyond this point make up the ____ ANSWERS Cauda equinum -
where spinal nerves fan out
what are the Eleven body systems ANSWERS Integumentary, Skeletal, muscular,
nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary,
reproductive
Give general functions and organs in Integumentary ANSWERS ********Need
More. Function: _________ Organ:skin
Give general functions and organs in Skeletal ANSWERS Function: Protects &
supports body organs. Organ: bones
Give general functions and organs in muscular ANSWERS Function: Allows
manipulation of the environment Organ: muscles - skeletal, smooth in organs and
vessels, cardiac
Give general functions and organs in nervous ANSWERS ********Need More.
Function: _________ Organ: brain, spinal cord, peripheral
,Give general functions and organs in cardiovascular ANSWERS Function: Blood
vessels carry blood with O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, etc, and heart pumps blood.
Organ: heart and vessels
Define metabolism? ANSWERS Metabolism (mĕ-tab′o-lizm; "a state of change") is
a broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells. It includes
breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks (more specifically called
catabolism), synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances
(anabolism), and using nutrients and oxygen to produce (via cellular respiration) ATP,
the energy-rich molecules that power cellular activities. Metabolism depends on the
digestive and respiratory systems to make nutrients and oxygen available to the blood
and on the cardiovascular system to distribute these needed substances throughout the
body. Metabolism is regulated largely by hormones secreted by endocrine system
glands.
Give general functions and organs in endocrine ANSWERS ********Need More.
Function: _________ Organ: hormones - sex organs, thyroid, pancreas
What are the three subatomic particles? ANSWERS Proton (+), Neutron (no
charge), electrons~Orbitals (-)
Know the three subatomic particles by charge and location? ANSWERS
********Need More
Give general functions and organs in lymphatic ANSWERS Function: Picks up
fluid leaked from blood vessels. Organ: Lymph Nodes
Give general functions and organs in respiratory ANSWERS Function: Keeps
blood full of O2 and remove CO2. Organ: lungs
Give general functions and organs in digestive ANSWERS Function: breaks down
food into absorbable units. Organ: esophagus, stomach, intestines
Give general functions and organs in urinary ANSWERS Function: Eliminates
nitrogenous wastes from the body. Organ: kidneys, bladder
Give general functions and organs in reproductive? ANSWERS ********Need
More. Function: _________ Organ: reproduction and secondary sex characteristics
, Thank you for Purchasing this exam
Study Guide. We provide high-quality
academic materials to help students
excel in exams. Our other Services
include but not limited to: academic
research, University & College
assignments writing, essay writing,
Online Classes, and research
projects. Our services are reliable,
affordable, and plagiarism-free. All
the Best in your Exam. For more
information; Contact us at:
or
0R
+254 741484450
What are the 4 major Elements in the body? ANSWERS C - carbon, H - hydrogen,
O - oxygen, N - nitrogen
Know names and symbols C, H, O, N, K, Na, Ca, Cl, Fe, P, S, I? ANSWERS Ca -
calcium, P - phosphorus, K - potassium, Na - sodium
