INP 402 UPDATED QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS COMPLETE STUDY SHEET
REVIEW BUNDLE
●● Why is hematology important
Answer: -Blood repeatedly journeys all the organs and tissues thus blood
abnormalities affect tissue and organs, blood composition reflects and
influences organs and tissues
-CBC is fundamental tool in medicine
●● Lab medicine (5)
Answer: -Clinical Path: hematology, chem, urinalysis, cytology
-Microbiology: bacteriology, parasitology, mycology, virology
-Anatomical pathology- gross path and histopath
-Immunology
-toxicology
●● 2 blood components
Answer: -Aqueous fraction (plasma) and cellular fraction (RBC,
leukocytes and platelets)
,●● Plasma constituents
Answer: -Proteins (albumin, globulins, 50/50 ratio)
-Electrolytes (cations + sodium/potassium and anions - chloride/bicarb)
-Nutrients (glucose, fatty acids, triglycerides, aminos)
-Metabolic 'by-porducts' (urea, creatinine, bilirubin)
-Signaling mol (hormones, cytokines, growth factors)
-Plasma vs serum (clotted=no fibrinogen/clotting factors)
●● Blood cells (3 type overview)
Answer: -Erythrocytes (RBC, deliver oxygen, 10^6 ul, most abundant)
-Plateletes/thrombocytes (blood coag, 10^5 ul)
-Leukocytes (WBC, protection, 10^3 ul)
●● Erythrocytes (RBC)
Answer: -Mammals= no nucleus ; non-mammals=nucleus
-disk shaped, biconcave (see light center with staining due to lack of
hemoglobin)
Lecture 2 pics
●● Leukocytes (WBC)
Answer: -Granulocytes or PMNs (polymorphic nuclears)
,-Neutrophils*: light pink cytoplasm 'neutral', no granules
-Eosinophils: pink granules
-Basophils: blue/purple granules
-Mononuclear:
-Lymphocyte: *high N:C, round nuc w/ little blue cyto
-Monocyte:*: blue cytoplasm, polymorphic nuc, low N:C
*most abundant
Lecture 2 pic
●● Leukocyte variants
Answer: Heterophil: eosinophils that have purple staining granules
(rabbits)
Kurloff cell: leukocyte variant (guinea pigs)
Skipocyte: ruptured leukocyte
●● Blood tubes (5)
Answer: -Blue-> sodium citrate, anticoag-bind Ca2+, coag test
-Red/gold/tiger-> serum with or without clot activator/gel, promotes
clotting with glass or sillica, chem/serology/immunology tests
, -Green-> sodium or lithium heparin, anticoag-inhibit thrombin and
thromboplastin, chem test
-Lavender/pink-> anticoag-potassium EDTA, bind calcium, hemotology
and blood bank
-Gray-> sodium fluoride/oxalate, fluoride inhibits glycolosis while
oxalate prevent clotting by precipitating calcium, glucose/blood
alch/lactic acid tests
●● Anticoagulant tubes (clotting and 2 tubes)
Answer: -Anticoag targets Ca ions (cofactor of coag enzymes) and
thrombin (protease)
-EDTA (purple)- inhibits coagulation by chelating Ca 2+ cations (also,
K+, Na+, and Mg++), preserves cell morph better than heparin
-Heparin (green)- inhibits coagulation by activating antithrombin, which
inhibits the action of thrombin (used in hematology and chemistries
unlike EDTA)
●● CBC result reading
Answer: -Erythrocyte parameters (erythrogram)
-Leukocycte parameters (leukogram)
-Platelet parameters (thrombogram)
-miscellaneous (plasma protein, plasma apprearance)
ANSWERS COMPLETE STUDY SHEET
REVIEW BUNDLE
●● Why is hematology important
Answer: -Blood repeatedly journeys all the organs and tissues thus blood
abnormalities affect tissue and organs, blood composition reflects and
influences organs and tissues
-CBC is fundamental tool in medicine
●● Lab medicine (5)
Answer: -Clinical Path: hematology, chem, urinalysis, cytology
-Microbiology: bacteriology, parasitology, mycology, virology
-Anatomical pathology- gross path and histopath
-Immunology
-toxicology
●● 2 blood components
Answer: -Aqueous fraction (plasma) and cellular fraction (RBC,
leukocytes and platelets)
,●● Plasma constituents
Answer: -Proteins (albumin, globulins, 50/50 ratio)
-Electrolytes (cations + sodium/potassium and anions - chloride/bicarb)
-Nutrients (glucose, fatty acids, triglycerides, aminos)
-Metabolic 'by-porducts' (urea, creatinine, bilirubin)
-Signaling mol (hormones, cytokines, growth factors)
-Plasma vs serum (clotted=no fibrinogen/clotting factors)
●● Blood cells (3 type overview)
Answer: -Erythrocytes (RBC, deliver oxygen, 10^6 ul, most abundant)
-Plateletes/thrombocytes (blood coag, 10^5 ul)
-Leukocytes (WBC, protection, 10^3 ul)
●● Erythrocytes (RBC)
Answer: -Mammals= no nucleus ; non-mammals=nucleus
-disk shaped, biconcave (see light center with staining due to lack of
hemoglobin)
Lecture 2 pics
●● Leukocytes (WBC)
Answer: -Granulocytes or PMNs (polymorphic nuclears)
,-Neutrophils*: light pink cytoplasm 'neutral', no granules
-Eosinophils: pink granules
-Basophils: blue/purple granules
-Mononuclear:
-Lymphocyte: *high N:C, round nuc w/ little blue cyto
-Monocyte:*: blue cytoplasm, polymorphic nuc, low N:C
*most abundant
Lecture 2 pic
●● Leukocyte variants
Answer: Heterophil: eosinophils that have purple staining granules
(rabbits)
Kurloff cell: leukocyte variant (guinea pigs)
Skipocyte: ruptured leukocyte
●● Blood tubes (5)
Answer: -Blue-> sodium citrate, anticoag-bind Ca2+, coag test
-Red/gold/tiger-> serum with or without clot activator/gel, promotes
clotting with glass or sillica, chem/serology/immunology tests
, -Green-> sodium or lithium heparin, anticoag-inhibit thrombin and
thromboplastin, chem test
-Lavender/pink-> anticoag-potassium EDTA, bind calcium, hemotology
and blood bank
-Gray-> sodium fluoride/oxalate, fluoride inhibits glycolosis while
oxalate prevent clotting by precipitating calcium, glucose/blood
alch/lactic acid tests
●● Anticoagulant tubes (clotting and 2 tubes)
Answer: -Anticoag targets Ca ions (cofactor of coag enzymes) and
thrombin (protease)
-EDTA (purple)- inhibits coagulation by chelating Ca 2+ cations (also,
K+, Na+, and Mg++), preserves cell morph better than heparin
-Heparin (green)- inhibits coagulation by activating antithrombin, which
inhibits the action of thrombin (used in hematology and chemistries
unlike EDTA)
●● CBC result reading
Answer: -Erythrocyte parameters (erythrogram)
-Leukocycte parameters (leukogram)
-Platelet parameters (thrombogram)
-miscellaneous (plasma protein, plasma apprearance)
