NR 503 Population Health, Epidemiology & Statistical Principles
Midterm Exam Study Guide – Chamberlain
Questions with Verified Answers, 100% Guarantee Pass
1. How does a provider determine the usefulness, appropriateness, of a
screening test? Where would and NP look to find a screening test? What de -
termines if a screening test should be used?
Answer> Determining whether a screening test is appropriate requires the APRN
to address several aspects of the disease of interest. The target population needs
to be identifiable. There should be enough people to make the study cost
effective. The preclinical per iod should be proficient to allow treatment before
symptoms appear so that early diagnosis and treatment make a difference in
terms of outcomes. The NP could look at the U.S. Preventative Services Task
Force, Agency for Healthcare Research and Qual ity, and SAMH - SAHRSA to find a
screening test. Sensitivity and specificity measure the validity of a test.
Sensitivity is the number identified/ the number affected. Specificity is the
number identified in the screening of not having the disease/ the actual number
who do not have the disease.
2. Can you explain what "descriptive epidemiology" means? What is the
purpose? How is it used?
Answer> It covers time place and person.
First, by looking at the data carefully, the epidemiologist becomes very familiar
, with the data. He or she can see what the data can or cannot reveal based on the
variables available, its limitations (for example, the number of records with
missing information for each important variable), and its eccentricities (for
example, all cases range in age from 2 months to 6 years, plus one 17 - year - old.).
Second, the epidemiologist learns the extent and pattern of the public health
prob - lem being investigated — which months, which neighborhoods, and which
groups of people have the most and least cases.
Third, the epidemiologist creates a detailed description of the health of a
population that can be easily communicated with tables, graphs, and maps. Fourth,
the epidemiologist can identify areas or groups within the population that have
high rates of dise ase. This information in turn provides important clues to the
causes of the disease, and these clues can be turned into testable hypotheses.
3. How are causation and descriptive epidemiology related, how do they work
together to aid evidence - based care?
Answer> - helps look at the cause
of the issue or disease process.
focuses on the person, place,
and time. An example of how they are intertwined might be a person who was
sick from E. Coli. The physician might look at what the individual ate to determine
what made them sick. For instance, they may have decided to eat from the salad
bar at a local res taurant.
4. What does "causation" mean? Can you relate causation to primary, sec -
ondary and tertiary interventions?
Answer> is an increase in a casual factor or exposure causes an increase in the
outcome of interest (disease). It is related to primary intervention could be the
use of flu vaccines yearly to prevent the flu from causing an illness. A secondary
intervention would be to test for the influenza virus in a patient. A tertiary
intervention would be giving Tamiflu to a flu positive patient. Since we know that
the influenza virus causes the flu when can help to perform actions against it.
,
5. Are you able to discuss "surveillance" and its relationship to "causation"? -
Answer> is the ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of
health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public
health practice closely integrated with the timely dissemination of these data to
those who need to know. Passive surveillance involves using data to look at
reportable diseases while active involves using individuals such as project staff
interviewing physicians about cases. Using surveillance can help identify the
causation of diseases particularly in a spec ific population.
6. What is the case - control study and how does it differ (or how is it the same)
as the cohort study design?
Answer> The cohort study design identifies a people exposed to a particular
factor and a comparison group that was not exposed to that factor and measures
and compares the incidence of disease in the two groups. A higher incidence of
disease in the exposed group s uggests an association between that factor and
the disease outcome. This study design is generally a good choice when dealing
with an outbreak in a relatively small, well - defined source population,
particularly if the disease being studied was fairly frequ ent.
The case - control design uses a different sampling strategy in which the
investigators
identify a group of individuals who had developed the disease (the cases) and
a comparison of individuals who did not have the disease of interest. The cases
and controls are then compared with respect to the frequency of one or more past
exposures. If the cases have a substantially higher odds of exposure to a
particular factor com pared to the control subjects, it suggests an association. This
strategy is a better choice when the source population is large and ill - defined,
and it is
particularly useful when the disease outcome was uncommon. Examples of two
real outbreaks will be used to illustrate these differences in sampling strategy.
Midterm Exam Study Guide – Chamberlain
Questions with Verified Answers, 100% Guarantee Pass
1. How does a provider determine the usefulness, appropriateness, of a
screening test? Where would and NP look to find a screening test? What de -
termines if a screening test should be used?
Answer> Determining whether a screening test is appropriate requires the APRN
to address several aspects of the disease of interest. The target population needs
to be identifiable. There should be enough people to make the study cost
effective. The preclinical per iod should be proficient to allow treatment before
symptoms appear so that early diagnosis and treatment make a difference in
terms of outcomes. The NP could look at the U.S. Preventative Services Task
Force, Agency for Healthcare Research and Qual ity, and SAMH - SAHRSA to find a
screening test. Sensitivity and specificity measure the validity of a test.
Sensitivity is the number identified/ the number affected. Specificity is the
number identified in the screening of not having the disease/ the actual number
who do not have the disease.
2. Can you explain what "descriptive epidemiology" means? What is the
purpose? How is it used?
Answer> It covers time place and person.
First, by looking at the data carefully, the epidemiologist becomes very familiar
, with the data. He or she can see what the data can or cannot reveal based on the
variables available, its limitations (for example, the number of records with
missing information for each important variable), and its eccentricities (for
example, all cases range in age from 2 months to 6 years, plus one 17 - year - old.).
Second, the epidemiologist learns the extent and pattern of the public health
prob - lem being investigated — which months, which neighborhoods, and which
groups of people have the most and least cases.
Third, the epidemiologist creates a detailed description of the health of a
population that can be easily communicated with tables, graphs, and maps. Fourth,
the epidemiologist can identify areas or groups within the population that have
high rates of dise ase. This information in turn provides important clues to the
causes of the disease, and these clues can be turned into testable hypotheses.
3. How are causation and descriptive epidemiology related, how do they work
together to aid evidence - based care?
Answer> - helps look at the cause
of the issue or disease process.
focuses on the person, place,
and time. An example of how they are intertwined might be a person who was
sick from E. Coli. The physician might look at what the individual ate to determine
what made them sick. For instance, they may have decided to eat from the salad
bar at a local res taurant.
4. What does "causation" mean? Can you relate causation to primary, sec -
ondary and tertiary interventions?
Answer> is an increase in a casual factor or exposure causes an increase in the
outcome of interest (disease). It is related to primary intervention could be the
use of flu vaccines yearly to prevent the flu from causing an illness. A secondary
intervention would be to test for the influenza virus in a patient. A tertiary
intervention would be giving Tamiflu to a flu positive patient. Since we know that
the influenza virus causes the flu when can help to perform actions against it.
,
5. Are you able to discuss "surveillance" and its relationship to "causation"? -
Answer> is the ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of
health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public
health practice closely integrated with the timely dissemination of these data to
those who need to know. Passive surveillance involves using data to look at
reportable diseases while active involves using individuals such as project staff
interviewing physicians about cases. Using surveillance can help identify the
causation of diseases particularly in a spec ific population.
6. What is the case - control study and how does it differ (or how is it the same)
as the cohort study design?
Answer> The cohort study design identifies a people exposed to a particular
factor and a comparison group that was not exposed to that factor and measures
and compares the incidence of disease in the two groups. A higher incidence of
disease in the exposed group s uggests an association between that factor and
the disease outcome. This study design is generally a good choice when dealing
with an outbreak in a relatively small, well - defined source population,
particularly if the disease being studied was fairly frequ ent.
The case - control design uses a different sampling strategy in which the
investigators
identify a group of individuals who had developed the disease (the cases) and
a comparison of individuals who did not have the disease of interest. The cases
and controls are then compared with respect to the frequency of one or more past
exposures. If the cases have a substantially higher odds of exposure to a
particular factor com pared to the control subjects, it suggests an association. This
strategy is a better choice when the source population is large and ill - defined,
and it is
particularly useful when the disease outcome was uncommon. Examples of two
real outbreaks will be used to illustrate these differences in sampling strategy.
