Ventilation: Physiological
And Clinical Applications
7th Edition By Cairo JM,
Elsevier
, Chapter 1: Basic Terms and Concepts of Mechanical
Ventilation
7th Edition Test Bank
PART A: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (35 Questions)
1. The body's mechanism for conducting air in and out of the lungs is known as
which of the following?
A) External respiration
B) Internal respiration
C) Spontaneous ventilation
D) Mechanical ventilation
Answer: C
Rationale: The conduction of air in and out of the body is known as ventilation. Since
the question asks for the body's mechanism, this would be spontaneous ventilation.
External respiration involves the exchange of oxygen (O₂) and carbon dioxide (CO₂)
between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries. Internal respiration occurs at the
cellular level and involves movement of oxygen from the systemic blood into the cells .
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.1
Reference: pg. 3
2. Which of the following are involved in external respiration?
A) Red blood cells and body cells
, B) Scalenes and trapezius muscles
C) Alveoli and pulmonary capillaries
D) External oblique and transverse abdominal muscles
Answer: C
Rationale: External respiration involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
(CO₂) between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries. Internal respiration occurs at
the cellular level and involves movement of oxygen from the systemic blood into the
cells. Scalene and trapezius muscles are accessory muscles of inspiration. External
oblique and transverse abdominal muscles are accessory muscles of expiration .
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.1
Reference: pg. 3
3. The graph that shows intrapleural pressure changes during normal spontaneous
breathing is depicted by which of the following?
A) Graph showing pressure remaining constant at 0 cm H₂O
B) Graph showing pressure dropping from -5 cm H₂O to -10 cm H₂O
C) Graph showing pressure rising from -5 cm H₂O to +5 cm H₂O
D) Graph showing pressure remaining at -5 cm H₂O throughout
Answer: B
Rationale: During spontaneous breathing, the intrapleural pressure drops from about -5
cm H₂O at end-expiration to about -10 cm H₂O at end-inspiration. The graph depicted
for answer B shows that change from -5 cm H₂O to -10 cm H₂O .
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 1.2
Reference: pg. 4
4. During spontaneous inspiration, alveolar pressure (PA) is approximately:
, A) -1 cm H₂O
B) +1 cm H₂O
C) 0 cm H₂O
D) 5 cm H₂O
Answer: A
Rationale: -1 cm H₂O is the lowest alveolar pressure will become during normal
spontaneous ventilation. During the exhalation of a normal spontaneous breath, the
alveolar pressure will become +1 cm H₂O .
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.2
Reference: pg. 3
5. The pressure required to maintain alveolar inflation is known as which of the
following?
A) Transairway pressure (PTA)
B) Transthoracic pressure (PTT)
C) Transrespiratory pressure (PTR)
D) Transpulmonary pressure (PL)
Answer: D
Rationale: The definition of transpulmonary pressure (PL) is the pressure required to
maintain alveolar inflation. Transairway pressure (PTA) is the pressure gradient required
to produce airflow in the conducting tubes. Transrespiratory pressure (PTR) is the
pressure to inflate the lungs and airways during positive pressure ventilation.
Transthoracic pressure (PTT) represents the pressure required to expand or contract the
lungs and the chest wall at the same time .
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 1.2
Reference: pg. 3