NURS 3528 Community Health: Exam Bank - Questions and answers (all chapters latest Summer 26- Durham College.

NURS 3528 Community Health: Exam Bank - Questions and answers (all chapters latest Summer 26- Durham College. Chapter 1 1. What is the community health nurse (CHN) practising when the primary focus is on populations that live in the community, as opposed to those in institutions, with an emphasis on strategies for health promotion, health maintenance, and disease prevention? A. Population health B. Public health C. Primary care D. Primary health care 2. What is considered to be the most important determinant of health? A. Health and social services B. Personal health practices and coping skills C. Income and social status D. Employment and working conditions 3. What is an example of tertiary prevention?  A process of empowering people to increase control  Measures taken to prevent the occurrence of disease  Intervention that aims to interrupt the course of disease  Seeking to detect disease early in its progression 4. Mass screening programs to assess dental health and hearing in elementary schoolchildren exemplifies which type of prevention?  Secondary prevention  Primary prevention  Primordial prevention  Tertiary prevention 5. Climate change is an example of which one of the following?  A social justice issue  A determinant of health  A planetary health issue  A transnational health issue 6. Within the context of primary health care, which term refers to ensuring fairness and equity in health services so that everyone has equal access to health care?  Global health  Social justice  Beneficence  Distributive justice 7. Which is a social determinant of health?  Personal health  Biology  Income  Genetics 8. Employment of nurse practitioners (NPs) in underserviced areas and the use of telehealth to respond to client health care concerns are examples of which principles of primary health care?  Appropriate utilization of health care resources  Emphasis on health promotion and disease prevention, rather than curative, services Equitable distribution of essential health services to all populations  Integration of health development with social and economic development 9. What aims to reduce health inequalities among population groups through the use of protection, prevention, and promotion strategies?  Determinants of health  Downstream thinking  Population health  Primary care 10. Which of the following was established in 2004 to support a sustainable health care system in Canada?  Community Health Nurses of Canada  Canadian Institutes of Health Research  Public Health Agency of Canada  Health Canada 11. Which determinant of health for Indigenous peoples is not included in the list of social determinants of health?  Indigenous status  Gender  Education  Colonialism 12. A nurse works with members of a low-income neighbourhood to identify their concerns, skills, and goals for health. In response to the issue of food insecurity, community members develop an action group that plants a garden to increase access to fresh food and allows them to sell a portion of the produce at a local farmer’s market. Which of the Canadian Community Health Nursing Standards of Practice is reflected in this nurse’s actions?  Health equity  Capacity building  Professional relationships  Health maintenance, restoration, and palliation 13. The CHN who advocates for safe playground equipment on school property is demonstrating recognition of which perspectives?  Advocacy is necessary to champion the purchase of expensive equipment.  School boards are primarily concerned about academic matters.  The human-built environment directly affects the health of children.  Healthy child development requires exposure to structured physical play. 14. Which organization involved in global health efforts represents nursing organizations from 130 countries?  Canadian Nurses Association  World Health Organization  Global Health Council  International Council of Nurses15. The CHN who considers the determinants of health and other relevant economic, sociopolitical, and environmental factors that might affect health is using which approach(es)? (Select all that apply.)  Upstream thinking  Downstream thinking  Macroscopic focus  Microscopic focus Chapter 3 Question 1 of 13 Home health care can be defined as a broad spectrum of health and social services offered in the home environment to recovering, disabled, or chronically ill persons. Who are considered essential participants in providing the needed maintenance care for the home care client?  Home health aides  Family caregivers  Physicians  Chaplains Question 2 of 13 A primary objective for the home health nurse (HHN) is to facilitate which area of care?  Curative care  Self-care  Custodial care  Palliative care Question 3 of 13 What is health protection designed to accomplish in occupational health settings?  Prevent further harm or deterioration  Eliminate health risks and prevent injury  Restore health and functioning  Provide counselling and treatment Question 4 of 13 Parish nursing is a subspecialty of community health nursing. To give effective services, parish nurses benefit from additional education in which of the following areas?  Ergonomics and conflict resolution  Toxicology and epidemiology  Pastoral care and social sciences  Case management and leadership Question 5 of 13 What strategy aims to reduce health care spending, while at the same time maintaining and improving the quality of care, and is often more complex in rural settings than in urban settings?  Discharge planning  Outreach work  Care maps  Case management Question 6 of 13 Continuity of care is facilitated by which community health nursing role?  Primary caregiver and counsellor Discharge planner and referral agent  Educator and researcher  Consultant and change agent Question 7 of 13 Which term refers to the process that connects clients and services to ensure continuity of care and prevent unnecessary hospital readmission?  Referral process  Home care  Case management  Discharge planning Question 8 of 13 What is the first step in the referral process?  Establish the need for the referral  Explore the availability of resources  Establish a working relationship with the client  Set objectives for the referral Question 9 of 13 Which of the following functions or roles is common for nurses working in corrections?  Educator and researcher  Discharge planner  Advocate in addressing institutionalized disadvantages  Consultant and change agent Question 10 of 13 The PHN who advocates for legislators to address issues such as smoke-free environments is focusing on which level of prevention?  Primordial  Tertiary  Secondary  Primary Question 11 of 13 Questions about an employee’s occupational health history should include which information? (Select all that apply.)  Relationships between symptoms and activities at work  Life history, including smoking and previous injury  Exposures to agents in the home environment  Current exposures to specific agents Question 12 of 13 CHNs working in public health have many functions and roles, depending on the needs and resources of an area. Roles of public health nurses (PHNs) can include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)  Primary caregiver  Leader and consultant  Advocate  Referral source Question 13 of 13 Barriers to the delivery of services for rural underserved populations includewhich of the following? (Select all that apply.) Correct  Unavailable public transportation  Lack of trained personnel to provide essential services  Prohibitive cost of providing special services in rural areas  Provider insensitivity about rural lifestyle Chapter 4 Question 1 of 10 Which one of the following is an essential element of capacity-building approaches?  Intraprofessional collaboration  Community participation  Federal government funding  Population health promotion Question 2 of 10 The shift for health care providers from “in control” to the role of advocate, facilitator, supporter, and mediator occurred following which key evolution in health promotion?  Increased privatization  “Health for All” movements  Alma Ata Declaration  Ottawa Charter Question 3 of 10 Risk reduction is included in which level of prevention?  Primary prevention  Tertiary prevention  Secondary prevention  Primordial prevention Question 4 of 10 A CHN works with an anti-poverty coalition to advocate for a higher minimum wage and a guaranteed minimum income for all Canadians. Which approach to health promotion is the CHN adopting?  A behavioural approach  A biomedical approach  A socioenvironmental approach  Community development Question 5 of 10 Which feature of community capacity building means that the target population, community members, and other stakeholders are involved in making decisions and evaluation?  Leadership  Asking why  Sense of community  Participation Question 6 of 10 While disease prevention focuses on the anticipation and avoidance of immediate health risks, what concern is the main concern of health protection?  Health literacy and education Secondary effects of illness and disease  Enabling control over determinants health  Maintenance of health Question 7 of 10 Developing a physical activity program to increase wellness and decrease the prevalence of chronic illness in a susceptible population is an example of which process?  Primordial prevention  Risk reduction  Tertiary prevention  Secondary prevention Question 8 of 10 A CHN in a resort town is working to develop a program about skin cancer prevention for the camping, beach and parks visitor centers. The focus will be on secondary prevention strategies. What information tips should be included in the program to focus on secondary prevention?  Wear a hat on sunny days  Have a pigmented lesion biopsied  Wear sunscreen  Stay out of the sun between 1000 and 1400 Question 9 of 10 In response to an increase in opioid overdoses in a rural community, a CHN acts as a liaison to bring together community leaders, concerned citizens, primary care providers, an addictions counsellor, a non-profit organization, and people with lived experience of substance use disorder. The group identifies their local strengths and needs, and then takes steps to develop and implement an action plan. Which of the following health promotion strategies is the CHN enacting? (Select all that apply.)  Reorienting health services  Building healthy public policy  Capacity building  Strengthening community action  Community development Question 10 of 10 A CHN is working with a group of Grade 7 girls to plan a health promotion program concerning body awareness (including primary prevention of eating disorders and body shaming during their teen years). The nurse would concentrate on which aspect(s) of health promotion in the program? (Select all that apply.)  Working with the school counselors to establish a weigh in system to closely monitor the girls’ weights at school and to establish social media “diet” programs  Working with the girls to closely monitor their weight  Discussion about media and social influences on about body image  Working with physical education teachers and coaches to build in regular weigh-in systems to monitors the girls’ weights Providing information and activities to help the girls accept and appreciate their bodies and feel good about themselves  Working with the girls’ parents to monitor their daughters’ weight and access to media  Discussion and skills development in supportive communication and relationships for teen girls Chapter 8 Question 1 of 15 Clinical medicine and epidemiology differ with respect to which major aspect?  Evaluation of interventions  Health monitoring  Determinants of disease  Practice focus Question 2 of 15 Nurses in community health often use epidemiology in their practice. Which statement demonstrates an epidemiological strategy for monitoring disease trends?  A community health nurse (CHN) conducts a diabetic education class for newly diagnosed clients.  A CHN investigates reported cases of whooping cough in an elementary school.  A CHN participates on a county school board that addresses student health issues.  A CHN organizes a health and wellness fair at the community health centre. Question 3 of 15 In the past decade, cases of Lyme disease have increased across southern Ontario as ticks carrying the bacteria causing Lyme disease moved north. Now Lyme disease is constantly in many areas of Southern Ontario. What term describes this phenomenon? Correct  Endemic  Pandemic  Outbreak  Epidemic Question 4 of 15 Twenty people attended a church picnic on the weekend. By Monday, four individuals exhibited symptoms of food poisoning. On Tuesday, the CHN records the addition of two new cases. What is the incidence rate for this occurrence on Tuesday?  Two new cases divided by 16 at risk  Two new cases divided by 20 at risk  Six cases divided by 20 at risk  Four cases divided by 16 at risk Question 5 of 15 A breast cancer screening program screened 8 000 women and discovered cancer in 35 women who had previously been diagnosed with breast cancer and in 20 women with no previous history ofbreast cancer. What is the prevalence rate of breast cancer in this scenario?  Population of women who had no evidence of breast cancer  Current and past breast cancer events in this population of women  Newly diagnosed cases of breast cancer in this population of women  Past breast cancer events in this population of women Question 6 of 15 A business executive develops symptoms of the flu one day after returning by air from a cross-Atlantic business trip that ran for two consecutive, stressful 10- hour days. What relationships are illustrated by this development of flu symptoms?  Person, place, and time  Host, agent, and environment  Risk and causality  Morbidity and disease Question 7 of 15 A CHN teaches a client with asthma to recognize and avoid exposure to asthma triggers and assists the family in implementing specific protection strategies, such as removing carpets and avoiding pets. What level of intervention is represented by this practice?  Primary prevention  Tertiary prevention  Secondary prevention  Assessment Question 8 of 15 A nurse is concerned about the accuracy of a purified protein derivative (PPD) test in identifying cases of TB exposure for follow-up chest X-ray. Which measure will help the nurse address the validity of the test?  Reliability  Specificity  Sensitivity  Variation Question 9 of 15 Studies in analytic epidemiology differ from descriptive epidemiology because they seek to answer what kind of questions?  The who of disease patterns  The why of disease patterns  The when of disease patterns  The where of disease patterns Question 13 of 15 Which test measure is affected by the prevalence of disease in the screened population?  Predictive value  Sensitivity  Specificity  Validity Question 15 of 15 Notable developments in history have contributed to the science of epidemiology. List the following developments that contributed to this science in order of occurrence (from earliest to most recent event): (1) Germ theory, pasteurization, andantiseptic surgery (2) Person, place, and time examined for influence on health (3) Appearance of Ebola virus and drugresistant forms of old diseases (4) Effective vaccinations, immunizations, and mass screening programs implemented  1, 2, 4, 3  2, 1, 4, 3  3, 1, 2, 4  1, 2, 3, 4 Question 10 of 15 Which study designs uses aggregate data, such as population rates, to determine the association between exposure and outcome?  Case control studies  Cross-sectional studies  Ecological studies  Cohort studies Question 11 of 15 A description of health-related patterns in a population should take into account which information?  The simple count of cases in the general population  The annual number of cases of the health-related event  The ratio of the number of cases to the frequency of the health event  The size of the population at risk during a specified time period Question 12 of 15 Who was historically described as the “father of epidemiology?”  Lambeth  Koch  Lister  Snow Question 14 of 15 Which epidemiological approach is criticized because it takes a narrow view and limits findings by studying individuals, rather than studying the environment and societal influences where the risks often begin? Correct  Risk-factor approach  Life course approach  Web of causality  Natural history of disease Chapter 9 Question 1 of 15 When the community health nurse (CHN) puts emphasis on community strengths in order to deal with community health concerns and blends professional knowledge with knowledge of the community to further develop community capacity in a collaborative milieu with community members, the nurse is using which approach to community?  Community as unit of care  Community as partner  Community as client  Community of interestQuestion 2 of 15 Migrant workers and their families who reside in a specific mobile home park during the summer months would best be classified as which of the following?  A community  A target population  A group  A setting of practice Question 4 of 15 The CHN reviews the monthly and yearto-date health service use report for the local community, to monitor trends as correlates of the community’s health. The nurse is viewing community health through which dimension?  Structure  Status  Partnership  Process Question 7 of 15 Two CHNs schedule a day to walk through a low-income community to better understand its boundaries as well as the trends, rhythm, stability, and changes that can affect the health of that community. What is this direct datacollection method often called?  Composite database  Participant observation  Secondary analysis  Windshield survey Question 8 of 15 The CHN identifies an elder abuse problem stemming from caregiver stress among families in the local community, resulting from the lack of caregiver support services. What would be the next step in the community health nursing process?  Establish priorities  Identify intervention activities  Analyze the community problem  Establish goals and objectives Question 9 of 15 A CHN is invited to work with a coalition of churches to address safety concerns regarding children in the local community. The nurse provides training in problem-solving skills, manages conflict, and facilitates which implementation role?  Change agent  Group leader  Change partner  Data collector Question 11 of 15 For CHNs who are either just beginning their careers or who are just starting a new position, the best source of information about the community comes from which of the following groups?  Health care providers  Social workers  Other CHNs  Community members Question 12 of 15 A small rural community has experienced a rise in suicide among youth in the past year. A CHN bringstogether key stakeholders to ask for their experiences and opinions about factors contributing to this crisis. What is the correct term to describe this process?  A focus group  A community forum  Secondary analysis  Leadership Question 14 of 15 Community members who join together to bring about change in reference to a specific health issue are engaged in which activity?  Community competence  Community mobilization  Community development  Community capacity Question 15 of 15 Community competence has been linked to which one of the following?  Sustainability  Sense of community  Empowerment  Resilience Question 3 of 15 A CHN provides free, community-based influenza immunization clinics during the months of October and November. This is an example of which of the following concepts that is basic to community health nursing practice?  Community capacity  Community as client  Community development  Community as partner Question 5 of 15 A Filipino outreach program works with the CHN to train lay Filipino health care workers to provide basic services and education within the local Filipino community. Which concept that is basic to community health nursing practice is best described by this intervention?  Community client  Community partnership  Community  Community health Question 6 of 15 While conducting a community health assessment, a CHN meets with local religious leaders to understand the values, norms, perceived needs, and influence structures within the community. Which description is given to this process of data collection?  Problem identification  Data generation  Data gathering  Data interpretation Question 10 of 15 The CHN defines goals and measurable objectives during the planning phase of a community health intervention. This activity also marks the beginning of which other phase?  Needs assessment  Problem analysis  Evaluation phase Implementation phase Question 13 of 15 Participation, leadership, asking why, and a sense of community are features of which community concept?  Community development  Community partnership  Community competence  Community capacity Chapter 11 Question 1 of 15 A school nurse is working with the school council of an elementary school to improve the health status of preschoolers in a lower socioeconomic rural community that has a high population of Indigenous youth. Given the demographics of this community, the nurse believes this population is at increased risk for which concern?  Poor nutrition  Allergies  Poisoning  Asthma Question 4 of 15 Being female and having a family history are risk factors for which health concern?  Cardiovascular disease  Cancer  Depression  Diabetes Question 7 of 15 The later years of life for many older persons marks a period of abruptly changing social dynamics over which the older adult has very little control and resulting in which phenomena?  Age-associated memory impairment  Dementia  Increased spiritual awareness  Instability Question 13 of 15 CHNs recognize that the prevalence of chronic disease increases with the lengthening of the lifespan and the presence of highly technical care. What then is a priority of focus for community health nursing activities for individuals who have a chronic illness? Correct  Healing the body, mind, and spirit  Palliation and prevention measures  The elimination of the symptoms of the chronic illness  The elimination of signs of the chronic illness Question 2 of 15 The school nurse is interested in providing an antismoking program at the local high school and is aware that programs are more effective for this age group when they focus on the short-term effects, not on the long-term effects of smoking. Besides including health risks and cosmetic effects, what else would be a priority for the nurse to include in the program?  Behaviour modification techniques Teaching social skills to resist peer pressure  Laws regarding tobacco sales to minors  Environmental effects Question 3 of 15 Women’s health covers the entire lifespan and involves health promotion, maintenance, and restoration related to the biological, social, and cultural dimensions of women’s lives. What is an underlying principle of women’s health?  Cardiovascular health is the primary concern for women.  Reproductive health is the focus of women’s health.  Menopause is a medical syndrome that requires treatment.  Normal female development includes rites of passage and life events. Question 5 of 15 What is the single most important factor in the improvement of the health status of women and their families worldwide?  The education of women  The longevity of women  Access to reproductive health services  The economic status of women Question 6 of 15 The total of all changes, not just physiological changes, that occur in a person with the passing of time can best be referred to as which of the following?  Aging  Geriatrics  Elder care  Gerontology Question 8 of 15 How can the CHN help reduce vaccine hesitancy among parents of young children?  Provide education on the risks and benefits of vaccines.  Offer vaccines at daycares and school settings.  Ask the parents to speak with their family physician about vaccines at their next appointment.  Inform the parents that they won’t be able to send their children to school if they are not vaccinated. Question 9 of 15 CHNs practising within the comprehensive school health framework spend significant amounts of time focusing on the prevention of health issues in schoolchildren at a stage that is early enough to avoid risk factors arising in the first place. This is an example of which type of prevention?  Primary prevention  Primordial prevention  Secondary prevention  Tertiary prevention Question 10 of 15 Injuries and accidents are the most common causes of preventable disease, disability, and death among children. The CHN recognizes that most accidents occur in which location? On roadways  At playgrounds and parks  At school or daycare  In the home Question 11 of 15 Which disease was once considered to be a disease of men, but is now the second leading cause of death in women?  Obesity  Breast cancer  Depression  Heart disease Question 12 of 15 Which of the following is more common among Canadian men than women?  Chronic illness  Eating disorders  Depression  Accidents Question 14 of 15 Which statement supports the need for a preventive focus for men’s health? (Select all that apply.)  More males die at birth.  Men experience fewer episodes of chronic disease.  Men tend to avoid medical help as long as possible.  Men frequently engage in risktaking behaviour. Question 15 of 15 Stress, strain, and burnout are words used to reflect the negative effects of the family caregiver burden. What must the community health nurse (CHN) be aware of when assessing for caregiver stress? (Select all that apply.)  Depression  Anxiety  Growing sense of spirituality  A healthy outlook  Social withdrawal  Lack of concentration  Frequent use of community resources Chapter 14 Question 1 of 10 Which of the following statements describes the health status of Indigenous peoples in Canada?  Indigenous peoples have lower rates of mental illness, but higher rates of chronic diseases, than the rest of the population.  The prevalence of sudden infant death syndrome is greater among Indigenous peoples than it is in the non-Indigenous population.  The life expectancy of Indigenous peoples is similar to that of the general population of Canada.  The health status of Indigenous peoples in Canada is similar to that of the general population of Canada. Question 2 of 10Which steps toward decolonization would be important for the CHN to take in a community development activity with an Indigenous community?  Developing select individual leaders who can then bring development back to the community  Staying away from past in order for the community to build anew  Ensuring strong boundaries between communities to preserve traditional ways of doing things  Committing to collective action in solidarity with the community, with an awareness that past harms may continue to impact the community Question 3 of 10 In which activity is the CHN practising trauma-informed care?  The CHN explores systematic desensitization techniques to address a client’s fears.  The CHN provides information about community resources for the client in distress.  The CHN seeks to understand the role of a client’s history of violence when providing support around parenting.  The CHN draws on extended family and a circle of support into the care plan. Question 4 of 10 What is an example of a proximal determinant of health? Correct  Graduation from an Indigenous law program  Intergenerational language classes  Rural and remote representation on economic and resource development committees  A thriving community recreation centre Question 5 of 10 What community experiences support distal determinants of health?  A thriving community recreation centre  Intergenerational language classes  Rural and remote representation on economic and resource development committees  Graduation from an Indigenous law program Question 6 of 10 How are Innu and Inuit people distinct from each other?  Innu people are part of a First Nation and Inuit people are a unique cultural group.  Innu people are from a distinct cultural group whereas Inuit people are part of a First Nation.  Inuit people are part of the Innu First Nation.  Innu people are part of the distinct Inuit cultural group. Question 7 of 10 The extent of social and cultural cohesion within a community is relatedto which health concern in Indigenous communities?  Obesity  Type 2 diabetes  Heart disease  Suicide Question 8 of 10 What are some historical and current features of nursing education that have impacted Indigenous nursing in Canada? (Select all that apply.)  Indigenous nurses continue to face racism and isolation in practice.  Indigenous nurses did not have access to registered nursing education until the 1970s.  In the 1960s, Indigenous nursing students must receive special permission from the Government of Canada to attend college or university.  Ethnocentrism exists in nursing curricula today.  Indigenous nurses make up only 3% of the workforce but 4.9% of the population. Question 9 of 10 Which of the following was a part of the waves of colonization of Indigenous people in what is now known as Canada? (Select all that apply.)  Relocation  Renegotiation and renewal  Environmental stewardship  Residential school system  Criminalization of culture Question 10 of 10 What might the CHN do when using a risk reduction approach to a diabetes education program in an Indigenous community? (Select all that apply.)  Teaching about high blood pressure and other risk factors for diabetes  Supporting implementation of an activity program  Teaching about nutrition and healthy eating  Supporting implementation of a healthy weights program Chapter 15 Question 1 of 16 An urban area uses local radio, TV, and newspapers to post ratings of air quality on days when the air quality is poor. This notification is directed toward the elderly, the very young, and those with chronic breathing problems. These groups are an example of which type of population?  Disenfranchised populations  Deinstitutionalized populations  Disadvantaged populations  Vulnerable populations Question 2 of 16 An elderly Inuit woman lives in a small, remote village in northern Canada. She has been diagnosed with hypertension and diabetes, but rarely makes it to the regional clinic in a distant town forcheck-ups. What is this woman most likely to experience?  Disenfranchisement  Resilience  Subjective poverty  Health disparities Question 4 of 16 A CHN working in an inner-city clinic in an area with high poverty and unemployment rates recognizes the need for outreach to pregnant adolescents for which reason?  Adolescents delay seeking prenatal care  Adolescents fear their partner’s reaction  Adolescents avoid high-risk situations  Adolescents benefit from prenatal education Question 5 of 16 A community’s structure can influence the potential for violence. What factor will decrease the potential for community violence?  Crowded public housing  Community cohesiveness  Transient populations  Social isolation Question 6 of 16 Health education is often used as a strategy for working with vulnerable populations. What would be strengthened through health education for groups or individuals?  Level of income  Ethnicity  The cycle of dependency  Health literacy Question 7 of 16 The harm reduction approach to substance use focuses on health promotion and disease prevention. Within this approach, what would be considered a primary prevention strategy to address substance use?  Refer to an addiction treatment program.  Encourage children to “just say no.”  Assess for recreational drug use.  Destroy the myth of good drugs versus bad drugs. Question 8 of 16 A CHN provides a client with clean supplies that include a cooker, filter, ascorbic acid, sterile water, and clean needles for injecting crack cocaine. Choose the statement that accurately describes this practice.  The CHN is reducing harms associated with using substances.  The CHN is not abiding by Canadian law.  The CHN is promoting resiliency.  The CHN is enabling drug abuse. Question 13 of 16 When the CHN places emphasis on client strengths, gifts, and assets rather than on a client’s needs, deficits, and susceptibility, what is likely to increase? Income  Resilience  Vulnerability  Helplessness Question 14 of 16 Which of the following situations is a challenge faced by deinstitutionalized individuals who are living with mental health conditions?  Continuity of care due to limited community-based services  Cost of hospitalization for treatment of exacerbation of illness  Higher rates of employment and stigmatization over a lifetime  Supportive networks that decrease caregiver burden and homelessness Question 15 of 16 Many individuals living with mental health conditions are stigmatized and face isolation and exclusion. Which determinant of health is the focus for improving these outcomes for individuals dealing with inequities such as this?  Health services  Coping skills  Social environments  Physical environments Question 16 of 16 As a result of deinstitutionalization initiated by mental health policy changes, many hospitalized Canadians with mental illness were released into communities that were often characterized by which of the following? (Select all that apply.)  The absence of stigma  The presence of coordinated social services  A lack of suitable housing  A lack of community-based services in place Question 3 of 16 Which of the following situations is addressed by creating opportunities and removing barriers to achieving the health potential of all people?  Harm reduction  Health inequity  Health risks  Health disparities Question 9 of 16 A nurse in community health directly contacts a mammography clinic to arrange an appointment for a female migrant worker with limited Englishlanguage abilities. The nurse communicates with the client through an interpreter to ensure that the client’s appointment is scheduled to meet her needs and that the client understands the procedure to be performed. How is this strategy described?  Advocacy  Partnership  Culturally competent care  Social justice Question 10 of 16A client uses emergency shelters regularly for sleeping purposes. Which type of homelessness is this client experiencing?  Transient homelessness  Temporary transient poverty  Hidden homelessness  Sheltered homelessness Question 11 of 16 Which one of the following situations is more prevalent in poor neighborhoods?  A higher incidence of cancer  A lower sense of belonging  Food security  One-parent families Question 12 of 16 How are low-income cutoffs (LICOs) defined in Canada?  An official poverty line for Canada  Regional differences in the cost of necessities  A measure of actual cost of necessities  A relative measure of poverty compared to an average family Chapter 16 Question 1 of 14 Which of the following has the highest case-fatality rate of any known human infection?  Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)  Salmonellosis  Rabies  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) Question 2 of 14 A family from Ottawa takes a longawaited vacation in sunny Mexico, spending days on the beach eating fresh fruit from a nearby vendor and drinking bottled water. What is the family altering that may impact their risk of disease?  Their herd immunity  The agent–host–environment interaction  Their circadian rhythms  Their resistance Question 3 of 14 What would be an example of secondary prevention for infectious disease prevention?  Conducting restaurant inspections  Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) chemoprophylaxis for people with AIDS  Conducting partner notifications for sexually transmitted infections (STIs)  Malaria chemoprophylaxis Question 4 of 14 What is an example of a primary prevention activity for the hepatitis C virus (HCV)?  Testing high-risk individuals  Confidential sexual partner notification Screening blood products  Conducting medical follow-up of infected individuals Question 5 of 14 A good surveillance system systematically collects, organizes, and analyzes current, accurate, and complete data for a defined disease condition. A surveillance system is only considered successful if it serves what function?  Publishes its findings on a quarterly basis.  Receives validation of its findings from the medical community.  Promptly releases the resulting information to those who need it.  Correlates its data to previous findings. Question 9 of 14 Protecting the nation’s food supply from contamination by all the virulent microbes is complex, costly, and time consuming. However, much food-borne illness, regardless of causal organisms, can be prevented through simple changes in which area?  Animal breeding practices  Food importation regulations  Pesticide usage  Food preparation, handling, and storage Question 10 of 14 Which emerging infectious disease can be spread by mosquitoes in Canada?  Zika virus  West Nile virus  Malaria  Lyme disease Question 11 of 14 What is a nationally notifiable disease?  Cancer  Measles  Diabetes mellitus  Influenza, type C Question 12 of 14 What is a nonhuman organism that either mechanically or biologically plays a role in the transmission of an infectious agent from source to host?  Vector  Contaminated blood  Food  Plasma Question 13 of 14 What is the description for the resistance of a group or community to an infectious agent?  Its acquired immunity  Its passive immunity  Its attained immunity  Its herd immunity Question 14 of 14 The antibodies that infants receive from their mothers are an example of what type of immunity?  Acquired immunity  Active immunity  Natural immunity Passive immunity Question 6 of 14 Many behaviours place individuals of all ages, genders, ethnicity, or any other factors at greater risk for STIs. What should the nurse discuss to include primary prevention interventions in discussions with clients?  Safer sex  STI testing  Partner notification  Standard precautions Question 7 of 14 Which of the following is a populationlevel tertiary prevention intervention, typically performed by nurses, that aims to control communicable diseases?  Directly observed therapy (DOT) program  Providing a needle exchange program  Partner notification  Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) post-test counselling Question 8 of 14 What must the nurse do in order to reach the desired goal of maximizing the full immunization rates for preventable communicable disease and increasing herd immunity levels?  Check an individual’s immunization status at each and every visit.  Understand the difficulties in obtaining and maintaining immunization schedules.  Assume that the primary care physician has provided all appropriate immunizations.  Support parents who are reluctant to immunize their children. Chapter 17 Question 1 of 14 Which statement best describes Canada’s status in terms of environmental performance? Correct  Canada has some of the best air quality in the world.  Canada ranks behind the United States and Australia only in overall good environmental performance when compared to peer countries.  Canada was one of the first countries to meet its Kyoto Protocol targets.  Canada has some of the highest greenhouse gas emissions in the world, due to reliance on coal for electricity generation. Question 2 of 14 Which field provides explanations for human health risk in the external environment?  Environmental epidemiology  Compliance and enforcement  Risk assessment  Toxicology Question 9 of 14 What is the toxic material found in the environment that originates in theatmosphere and releases substances such as aluminum into the soil?  Irritant gases  Greenhouse gases  Acid rain  Climate change Question 11 of 14 Use of liners and leachate pumps in landfill sites are interventions that reflect which environmental principle?  The solution to pollution is dilution.  Everything is connected.  Waste has to go somewhere.  Today’s solution may become tomorrow’s problem. Question 3 of 14 The community health nurse (CHN) asks a client the following questions: “Do you have any symptoms that improve when you are away from your home or work,” “Have you ever been exposed to any radiation or chemical liquids, dust, mists, or fumes,” and “Do you wear personal protective equipment?” What activity is the nurse conducting?  Environmental compliance activity  Environmental risk communication  Environmental advocacy activity  Environmental health exposure history Question 4 of 14 When a CHN evaluates the completeness and accuracy of information made available to community residents regarding the impact of rezoning parcels of land for industrial use, with what activity is the nurse engaged?  Controlling environmental damage  Communicating risk  Advocating for ethical choices  Volunteering for service on municipal boards Question 5 of 14 The “Four Rs for Reducing Environmental Pollution” comprise a strategy for reducing environmental health risks associated with pollution. Which of the “Four Rs” is ranked first in effectiveness?  Reuse  Reduce  Recover  Recycle Question 6 of 14 The Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS), implemented in Canada in 1988, is an example of which of the following?  Environmental standards  Risk reduction  Risk assessment  Risk communication Question 7 of 14 Government policy currently incorporates the precautionary principle. Which statement reflects this principle?  When credible doubt exists, action should be on the side of caution. Everything is connected.  Today’s solution may become tomorrow’s problem.  Waste has to go somewhere. Question 8 of 14 A community is striving to become “agefriendly”. What features would you expect this community to incorporate into their built environment?  Recreation centres that provide competitive sports and physical activities for youth  Biking trails and other opportunities for active commuting to work  Increase in telehealth and other remote health services for older persons who no longer drive  Safe sidewalks for older persons, people with mobility challenges, and strollers Question 10 of 14 Which process allows countries to monitor their annual use of resources to determine if their consumption of resources exceeds the earth’s ability to regenerate?  Footprinting  Evaluation of health status indicators  Climate change analysis  Environmental scans Question 12 of 14 Which term related to policy development may be viewed as the operational part of a law?  Legislation  Guidelines  Agreements  Regulation Question 13 of 14 Which statement is correct regarding the perception of risk?  A risk embedded in a memorable event is judged to be less acceptable than one that is not.  The ability to control a risk decreases the public’s judgement of its acceptability.  A catastrophic risk (e.g., an airplane crash) is judged to be more acceptable than cumulative risks.  If the source of risk is trustworthy, the risk is judged to be less acceptable. Question 14 of 14 Risk communication includes all the principles of good communication in general, as well as the exchange of information about health or environmental risks. What would be included in the strategy? (Select all that apply.)  Shaping the message on the basis of a good risk assessment and presenting it so that the audience can understand it.  Communicating in a timely manner so that appropriate action can betaken and unnecessary fear can be reduced.  Magnifying the risks that are associated with the environmental issue to escalate public interest.  Directing the information to those who are affected and to those who may not be affected but are worried. Chapter 18 Question 1 of 13 Which factor has increased the danger of natural disasters in recent decades?  Reduced self-sufficiency  Civil unrest  Overcrowding and urban development  Reliance on technology Question 2 of 13 A nurse educator who teaches at the local community college takes the time to read and understand her community’s disaster plans and participates in community mock disasters as a leader of the triage team. What would be the best description of the nurse’s activities?  Community preparedness  Personal preparedness  Professional preparedness  Emergency Measures Organization (EMO) disaster training Question 3 of 13 CHNs can play a critical disaster preparedness role by updating and providing what type of records?  Active tuberculosis (TB) cases  Women, infant, children (WIC) enrollees  Immunizations  Vulnerable populations Question 4 of 13 Disasters may be classified by type, level (response and relief costs), and scope. Disasters such as a fire in a multifamily home are typically responded to by the fire and police departments, in addition to which group?  Local Canadian Red Cross (CRC) chapter  EMO  Centre for Emergency Preparedness and Response (CEPR)  Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) Question 7 of 13 During a natural disaster, a CHN would be most concerned about which vulnerable group? Correct  Newcomer families who don’t speak English  Small business owners  University students living in residence  Parents with young children Question 8 of 13 In Canada, which group is responsible for coordinating federal departmentsand organizing response for national security and safety of Canadians?  Public Safety Canada  EMO  CRC  Office of Emergency Response Services Question 9 of 13 What is the purpose of conducting research on risks and public education activities, including warnings of possible disasters?  To detect the level of preparedness  To reduce disaster vulnerability  To eliminate chaos during a disaster  To minimize the threat of disasters Question 10 of 13 Which of the following was established to improve Canada’s ability to respond effectively and efficiently to outbreaks that threaten the health of Canadians?  Public Health Agency of Canada  Public Pandemic Preparedness Plan  Emergency Measures Organization  Centers for Disease Control Question 11 of 13 What was an important role of public health nurses during the H1N1 influenza pandemic?  Educating the public regarding vaccination  Mass administration of anti-viral therapy  Use of social media to monitor developments in virus spread  Triage of patients to field hospitals Question 12 of 13 A CHN has been working with a 6-yearold child who was rescued from a school bus crash. The nurse will observe the child for which stress effects? (Select all that apply.)  Desire to return to school  Bedwetting and thumb sucking  Fantasies of denial  Increased playfulness with peers Question 13 of 13 Why are ongoing assessments or surveillance reports by CHNs important in the response stage of a disaster? (Select all that apply.)  To match available resources to the population’s emergency needs  To provide compassion and dignity  To identify casualties and immunization status  To encourage good intentions of aid givers Question 5 of 13 After the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003, a hospital nurse practitioner who was affected by SARS used opportunities at the clinic staff meetings to speak about her own feelings of loss and guilt. This strategy indicates that the nurse wasaware of which phenomenon related to disasters?  Effects of stress on individuals  Anxiety  Sense of urgency  Scapegoating and blaming Question 6 of 13 Heightened awareness and openness to consider prevention activities typically occurs during which phase of the disaster management cycle?  Disaster response  Disaster mitigation  Disaster recovery  Disaster preparedness