2026 Exam Questions and
Answers | Already Graded A+
Surgery risk classes - ANSWER ✔✔Class 1: benefits outweigh risk,
should be done
Class 2a: reasonable to perform
Class 2b: should be considered
Class 3: rarely appropriate
General rules for surgery: testing - ANSWER ✔✔ECG before surgery
only if coronary disease, except when low risk surgery
,Stress test not indicated before surgery
Do not do prophylactic coronary revascularization
Meds before surgery - ANSWER ✔✔- Diabetic agents: Use insulin
therapy to maintain glycemic goals(iii) Discontinue biguanides, alpha
glucosidase inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, sulfonylureas, and GLP-1
agonists
- Do not start aspirin before surgery
- Stop Warfarin 5 days before surgery. May be bridged with Lovenox.
- Do not stop statin before surgery
- Do not start beta-blocker on day of surgery, but may continue
Assessment of surgical risk - ANSWER ✔✔- Unstable cardiac
condition (recent MI, active angina, active HF, uncontrolled HTN, severe
valvular disease), concern with CAD, CHF. arrhythmia, CVD
- patient stable or unstable?
- urgency of the procedure (oncology will be time sensitive)
- risk of procedure
- nutritional status
- immune competence
,- determine functional capacity (need to be more than 4 METS, more
than 10 METs makes low risk)
Low risk surgeries - ANSWER ✔✔catarcts
breast biopsy
cystoscopy, vasectomy
laporascopic procedures
Plastic surgery
intermediate risk surgeries - ANSWER ✔✔Head/ neck surgery
thyroidectomy
Intraperitoneal
Prostate
Laminectomy
Hip/ knee
Hysterectomy
cholecystectomy
nephrectomy
non majot intrathoracic
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, High risk surgeries - ANSWER ✔✔aortic/ cabg
transplants
spinal reconstruction
peripheral vascular surgery
Lee's revised cardiac risk index - ANSWER ✔✔6 points:
High risk surgery = 1
CAD = 1
CHF = 1
Cerebrovascular disease = 1
DM 1 on insulin = 1
Creat greater than 2 = 1
1 = low risk
2 = moderate risk
3 = high risk
SCIP pre-operative infection measures - ANSWER ✔✔- Prophylactic
antibiotics should be received within 1 h prior to surgical incision