Rasmussen University NUR 2392 Exam 1 (pdf) | 2026/2027 | MDC II
Q&A | Nursing
1. Which of the following best describes a key characteristic of benign tumor
cells compared to malignant cells?
A) Benign cells have a larger nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
B) Benign cells exhibit anaplasia and loss of parent cell appearance
C) Benign cells have tight adherence and specific differentiated functions
D) Benign cells demonstrate rapid and continuous cell division
Correct Answer: Benign cells have tight adherence and specific differentiated
functions
Rationale: Benign cells are characterized by tight adherence due to
fibronectin production and specific differentiated functions that contribute to
the body. Malignant cells have a larger nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, exhibit
anaplasia, and demonstrate rapid, continuous division.
2. A nurse is teaching a client about the difference between benign and
malignant tumors. Which statement by the client indicates correct
understanding?
A) "Benign tumors can spread to other parts of the body through the
bloodstream."
B) "Malignant tumors grow by expansion and do not invade other tissues."
C) "Benign tumors are generally harmless and do not usually require
intervention."
D) "Malignant tumors have normal chromosomes and orderly growth."
Correct Answer: "Benign tumors are generally harmless and do not usually
require intervention."
,Rationale: Benign tumors are generally harmless and do not usually require
intervention. Malignant tumors metastasize and invade other tissues. Benign
tumors grow by expansion and have normal chromosomes (euploidy), while
malignant tumors have abnormal chromosomes (aneuploidy).
3. A pathologist is examining a tissue sample and notes that the cells have a
large nucleus, loose adherence, and have migrated into surrounding tissue.
The nurse should recognize these findings as indicative of:
A) A benign tumor
B) A malignant tumor
C) Normal tissue
D) An inflammatory response
Correct Answer: A malignant tumor
Rationale: Malignant cells are characterized by a larger nuclear-to-
cytoplasmic ratio, loose adherence, and migration (metastasis). Benign cells
have a smaller nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, tight adherence, and do not
migrate.
4. A nurse is reviewing the characteristics of malignant cells. Which finding is
associated with a loss of cellular regulation in malignant tumors?
A) Production of fibronectin
B) Contact inhibition
C) Euploidy
D) Anaplasia
Correct Answer: Anaplasia
,Rationale: Anaplasia is the loss of appearance of the parent cell and is a
hallmark of malignant tumors. Malignant cells lose contact inhibition, do not
produce fibronectin, and are aneuploid (abnormal chromosomes).
5. A client is diagnosed with a malignant tumor. The nurse understands that
the term "anaplasia" refers to:
A) The orderly growth of cells by expansion
B) The loss of cellular differentiation and appearance of the parent cell
C) The normal chromosomal count per cell
D) The tight adherence of cells due to fibronectin
Correct Answer: The loss of cellular differentiation and appearance of the
parent cell
Rationale: Anaplasia is the loss of appearance of the parent cell and is a key
feature of malignant tumors. Orderly growth, normal chromosomes
(euploidy), and tight adherence are characteristics of benign cells.
6. The nurse is teaching a client about the stages of cancer development.
Which stage involves a change in gene expression caused by damage to
cellular DNA?
A) Promotion
B) Progression
C) Initiation
D) Metastasis
Correct Answer: Initiation
Rationale: Initiation is the first step of carcinogenesis, where normal cells
become damaged by an agent that alters DNA, leading to loss of cellular
, regulation. Promotion involves repeat exposure enhancing growth,
progression increases malignant cell production, and metastasis is the
spread of cells.
7. A client asks the nurse about the process of how cancer develops. The
nurse explains that repeated exposure to a carcinogen that enhances the
growth of mutated cells is known as:
A) Initiation
B) Promotion
C) Progression
D) Metastasis
Correct Answer: Promotion
Rationale: Promotion is the second stage of carcinogenesis, where repeated
exposure to a carcinogen enhances the growth of cells that have already
been initiated, leading to mutation. Initiation is the initial DNA damage,
progression increases malignant cell production, and metastasis is the
spread of cells.
8. A client with cancer asks the nurse about the meaning of "metastasis."
Which response by the nurse is most accurate?
A) "Metastasis is the initial change in gene expression caused by DNA
damage."
B) "Metastasis is the movement of cancer cells from the primary site to other
parts of the body."
C) "Metastasis is the repeat exposure to a carcinogen that enhances cell
growth."
D) "Metastasis is the increase in the production of malignant cells."
Q&A | Nursing
1. Which of the following best describes a key characteristic of benign tumor
cells compared to malignant cells?
A) Benign cells have a larger nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
B) Benign cells exhibit anaplasia and loss of parent cell appearance
C) Benign cells have tight adherence and specific differentiated functions
D) Benign cells demonstrate rapid and continuous cell division
Correct Answer: Benign cells have tight adherence and specific differentiated
functions
Rationale: Benign cells are characterized by tight adherence due to
fibronectin production and specific differentiated functions that contribute to
the body. Malignant cells have a larger nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, exhibit
anaplasia, and demonstrate rapid, continuous division.
2. A nurse is teaching a client about the difference between benign and
malignant tumors. Which statement by the client indicates correct
understanding?
A) "Benign tumors can spread to other parts of the body through the
bloodstream."
B) "Malignant tumors grow by expansion and do not invade other tissues."
C) "Benign tumors are generally harmless and do not usually require
intervention."
D) "Malignant tumors have normal chromosomes and orderly growth."
Correct Answer: "Benign tumors are generally harmless and do not usually
require intervention."
,Rationale: Benign tumors are generally harmless and do not usually require
intervention. Malignant tumors metastasize and invade other tissues. Benign
tumors grow by expansion and have normal chromosomes (euploidy), while
malignant tumors have abnormal chromosomes (aneuploidy).
3. A pathologist is examining a tissue sample and notes that the cells have a
large nucleus, loose adherence, and have migrated into surrounding tissue.
The nurse should recognize these findings as indicative of:
A) A benign tumor
B) A malignant tumor
C) Normal tissue
D) An inflammatory response
Correct Answer: A malignant tumor
Rationale: Malignant cells are characterized by a larger nuclear-to-
cytoplasmic ratio, loose adherence, and migration (metastasis). Benign cells
have a smaller nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, tight adherence, and do not
migrate.
4. A nurse is reviewing the characteristics of malignant cells. Which finding is
associated with a loss of cellular regulation in malignant tumors?
A) Production of fibronectin
B) Contact inhibition
C) Euploidy
D) Anaplasia
Correct Answer: Anaplasia
,Rationale: Anaplasia is the loss of appearance of the parent cell and is a
hallmark of malignant tumors. Malignant cells lose contact inhibition, do not
produce fibronectin, and are aneuploid (abnormal chromosomes).
5. A client is diagnosed with a malignant tumor. The nurse understands that
the term "anaplasia" refers to:
A) The orderly growth of cells by expansion
B) The loss of cellular differentiation and appearance of the parent cell
C) The normal chromosomal count per cell
D) The tight adherence of cells due to fibronectin
Correct Answer: The loss of cellular differentiation and appearance of the
parent cell
Rationale: Anaplasia is the loss of appearance of the parent cell and is a key
feature of malignant tumors. Orderly growth, normal chromosomes
(euploidy), and tight adherence are characteristics of benign cells.
6. The nurse is teaching a client about the stages of cancer development.
Which stage involves a change in gene expression caused by damage to
cellular DNA?
A) Promotion
B) Progression
C) Initiation
D) Metastasis
Correct Answer: Initiation
Rationale: Initiation is the first step of carcinogenesis, where normal cells
become damaged by an agent that alters DNA, leading to loss of cellular
, regulation. Promotion involves repeat exposure enhancing growth,
progression increases malignant cell production, and metastasis is the
spread of cells.
7. A client asks the nurse about the process of how cancer develops. The
nurse explains that repeated exposure to a carcinogen that enhances the
growth of mutated cells is known as:
A) Initiation
B) Promotion
C) Progression
D) Metastasis
Correct Answer: Promotion
Rationale: Promotion is the second stage of carcinogenesis, where repeated
exposure to a carcinogen enhances the growth of cells that have already
been initiated, leading to mutation. Initiation is the initial DNA damage,
progression increases malignant cell production, and metastasis is the
spread of cells.
8. A client with cancer asks the nurse about the meaning of "metastasis."
Which response by the nurse is most accurate?
A) "Metastasis is the initial change in gene expression caused by DNA
damage."
B) "Metastasis is the movement of cancer cells from the primary site to other
parts of the body."
C) "Metastasis is the repeat exposure to a carcinogen that enhances cell
growth."
D) "Metastasis is the increase in the production of malignant cells."
