Intro to Professional Nursing Exam 1 Question & Answers

Intro to Professional Nursing Exam 1 Question & Answers Isabel Hampton Robb founded National League for Nurses (NLN) and American Nurses Association (ANA) Lillian Wald founded Henry Street Settlement-1st public health nursing. Visiting nurses association. Margaret Sanger birth control movement Lavinia Dock nursing education reform, women's suffrage Jessie Sleet Scales African American public health nurse persuaded for treatment for TB Mary Breckinridge founder of Frontier Nursing Service Spanish-American war 1898, set stage for Army Nurse Corp WW I national campaign to recruit nurses, est. Army School of Nursing, initiated public health education and home nursing through Red Cross. WW II need for nurses brought about est. of the Cadet Nurse Corp Vietnam War nurses worked without direct MD supervision--performed emergency procedures on their own. War on Terrorism need for nurses identified, esp. mental health practitioners. Social, Political, Economic factors affecting nursing: feminism, women's movement, consumer movement, graying of America, cultural diversity, men in nursing, violence, technological advances Nursing Education -bachelors=better patient outcomes -associate degree-2 yr -diploma programs-none anymore in the U.S. Media Impact on Nursing image of nursing-angels of mercy, handmaidens, sex symbols, bimbos, battle axes, sadistic torturers, tv, movies, newspapers, magazines. How can you promote a positive nursing image? nursing uniforms, communication, tell others what we do. The basic concepts/domains of nursing: person-health-enviorment-nursing -these concepts are the building blocks of the foundation of nursing. Systems theory: use to understand the concepts of nursing A system is: set of interrelated parts that come together to form a whole. Components: every system has input-energy that helps achieve a purpose of a system. (what you are doing to help) Throughput- what people do to make sense of the input. Evaluation-how effective is the system. Feedback-commmunication within and outside the system. Open vs Closed systems Open-system involved with other systems. Important concepts of systems to remember -The whole system is different from and greater than the some of its parts. (familyindividual) -A change in 1 part creates change in every other part. -THe goal of every system is balance or homeostasis. Major concepts of nursing:Person/Individual -who you care for not you! -look at the person as unique, each person has freedom of choice, own set of values. Human Needs Theory-Maslow's Theory human needs are bases on: basic physiological needs, safety, love and belonging, esteem needs, self actualization. People meet their needs differently that might not make sense. Adaption (individualized) the ability to change or grow. Homeostasis balance an internal stability Major concepts of nursing: Environment -the circumstance and influences that surround and affect and individual. -family-most direct influence (are they supportive, functional?) -cultural systems-attitudes and behaviors of their ethnic group. -social systems-neighborhoods, schools, churches, access to health care, level of poverty. -community systems-jon market, epidemics Major concepts of nursing: Health (individualized) -definition of health as defined by the World Health Organization (WH0): state of physical, mental, social well being. Not the absence of disease. -key concepts: very dynamic and changing, influenced by beliefs and attitudes (values), influence by your perception. Major concepts of nursing: Nursing -combines preceding concepts -key concepts of nursing include: focuses on holistic care (taking care of complete person), effective communication, empath, respect, goal-help people to reach their maximum ability. Health Promotion a role of the professional nurse. -finding way to help individuals develop a state of physical, spiritual, and mental well being. Activities to encourage optimal functioning.-help them be independent. Primary prevention preventing illness before it starts -education, exercise, diet Secondary prevention screening and early detection of illness -mammograms -pap smears Tertiary prevention trying to slow disease from progressing -rehab services Health People 2000/2010/2020 National initiate to improve health goals: increase quality in years of health life, eliminate health disparities (equal for everyone) Health belief models/health promotion models used to study and predict why some people change their behaviors and others don't. why people seek health care. Rosenstock health belief model 1. a persons perception on how susceptible, vulnerable, and serious the problem is. 2. How effective is the health behavior (does exercise really work?) 3. Triggering event that makes people change (heart attack) Pender's health promotion -individual characteristics: prior related behaviors, personal factors. --best predictor of behavior change (habits, age, education, money) -Behavior specific thoughts: perceived benefits, barriers, self efficacy--barriers: cost, uncomfortableness, inconvenient, unavailable, family support and expectations. -Behavioral outcomes: level of commitment to make a change, competing demands--time, money, family Self efficacy belief in your own abilities "thoughts create change"-thoughts create feelings that effect behavior. -Promoting self efficacy- patient teaching, helping them practice new skills, support person. Locus of control -external:health is controlled by outside factors/chance -internal:what you do makes a difference. Your actions make a difference. What is a role? set of expected behaviors that your perform Ideal role what ideal you would like to do Perceived role what the exceptions of society are performed role what the nurse actually does roles affected by: all expected behaviors and values placed on that role, knowledge level of the nurse, role modeling-what you are exposed to, legal and ethical boundaries Professional roles of the nurse: -Care provider-vital signs, assess them, giving medications, wound care, ambulation, holding someones hand. -Educator/Counselor-educate patient about new diagnosis, medications, etc. -Client advocate-listening to their concerns and report to physician or charge nurse. stand by their wishes. -Change agent-you address problems by facilitating some kind of change using research from someone else. -Leader/Manager-more experienced nurses. Manages staff and resources. -Researcher-part of a research project -Coordinator/Collaborator-work together. coordinating care with physical therapists, dietitians, etc. -Health care promotion-promote your patients health-physically and mentally. -Entrepreneur- go out and provide care for patents in places like the home. Settings where nurses practice hospitals, long-term care/assisted living homes, flight nurses, home health, community/public health, school nursing, nurse educator, military, occupational health Advanced Nursing Practice (APN) advanced education all require some kind of certification test. -Nurse Practitioner (NP)-can specialize or be more generic (family, psychiatric, pediatric) most states have prescriptive power. usually work in collaboration with a physician. -Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS)-usually function in an acute care hospital. can be long-term care. specialize in a specific field. provide education with staff. don't practice independency. -Certified Nurse Midwife (CNM)-can practice independently. assist with birth, women's health. do work and collaboration with a physician. pre and post natal care. -Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA)-mostly in hospitals. Practice with an anesthesiologist. Philosophy is the study of: principals that underlie professional conduct. outlines what is expected by the profession and what gives meaning to the profession. Philosophy of nursing: statement of beliefs about nursing that demonstrate our value systems. --used to make ethical decisions and critical decisions. Philosophies are based on beliefs: acceptance of something that is true/correct based on experiences and attitudes. Demonstrated thru our behaviors. Everyone comes with a different belief system. Values, principals, ideals, standards that give meaning and guidance help us determine right versus wrong Characteristics of human values values change as we mature. all humans have same basic values, values are developed in response to culture and experience. Allen Core Values: Compassion, Accountability, Respect, Excellence. -individual, environment, health, nursing, teaching learning process, learning What is service learning? an instructional method that integrates community service with academic instruction that focuses on critical thinking. Benefits of service learning developing leadership, developing self awareness, developing sensibility about vulnerable population, learn about social justice, develop empathy. Key components of service learning -sufficient thought and preparation -action -reflection and analysis about the experience. Introduction to the concept of nursing theory -nursing care/philosophy based on nursing and developmental theories. -theories: group of related concepts, definitions, and statements. -theories guide nursing practice by: describing, explaining, predicting, and controlling phenomena, or patient behavior and outcomes. -provide way to classify and organize patient date (assessments) in a meaningful way. -examples of theories used: Maslow's human need theory, adaptation, developmental theories, age appropriate behavior. Henderson's Basic Needs sleep, water, communicate emotions, worship, play Watson-10 Curative factors human caring, instill hope, use science to problem solve. Orem-Self care "people want to be in control of their lives" promote independence Roy adaption, nursing promotes peoples' ability to adapt to changes. Peplau Interpersonal relationships, developing trust with patient, involves different roles of the nurse. Leininger culture care, developing awareness and sensitivity, planning nursing care based on culturally defined knowledge. Holistic model of nursing looking at patient as a a complex being. Thru service learning we will see impact of different life experiences. Human needs theory (Maslow) importance of meeting basic needs systems theory impact of environment, community health, access to health care. factors that have influenced the development of nursing as a profession: history of nursing, nursing roles, gender issues, media, politics, advancement in technology. why is it important that nursing be recognized as a profession? politically-politicians understand and respect what we do. wages, health care. Occupation a group of jobs that are similar in type of work and that are usually found throughout an industry or work environment. Profession a type of occupation that meets certain criteria that raise it a level above that of an occupation. requires a high level of commitment. Professional a person who belongs to and practices a profession. a very misused term, ie professional football player. Professionalism the domonstration of hight-level personal, ethical, and skill characteristics of a member of a profession Power approach -independence-make your own rules (physicians, laws) -control-how much control do they have over the practice -amount of money you make -political influence Trait approach Flexner, Bixler and Pavalko, sociologists, who determined the following characteristics to be most important professional traits. List of trait criteria 1. requires high intellectual activity 2. high amount of accountability and responsibility 3. specialized body of knowledge unique to that profession 4. education housed in a college or university 5. involved in public service and altruism 6. controls own practice and autonomy/independence 7. well organized organization that represents members 8. code of ethics. Kelly's Criteria-studied nurses -provides service that is vital to the welfare of the society. -involves a special body of knowledge that is gained thru research -individual responsibility -educated in institutions of higher learning -control of their own practice-autonomy -motivated by altruism -has a code of ethics (a written, public document that reminds practitioners and the public they serve of the specific responsibilities and obligations of the professions' practitioners.) -has an organization that supports high standards of practice. Miller's wheel of professionalism includes kelly's criteria. main focus-nursing education be in a college or university Common characteristics of all definitions of professionalism: -service-responsibility to society-altruism -specialized body of knowledge skills -autonomy -ethical behavior -professional commitment nursing falls short of: -autonomy -level of education -legal control-nurse practice act Barriers to professionalism -variability in education preparation -differentiation of practice: to utilize nursing skills more efficiently -gender issues -historical events -external conflicts (politics, hospitals) -internal conflicts (individual self) -level of autonomy and interdependence of practice.