NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology UTA
Exam 2 Questions and Answers (2026) |
Review Pack | Real Exam Practice | A+
• Mast cell. CORRECT ANSWER: Cellular bags of granules located in loose connective
tisssue close to blood vessels. Activation initiates inflammatory process.
• Histamine. CORRECT ANSWER: Causes vasodilation, increases vascular
permeability, increases blood flow to the site of injury- causes erythema and swelling.
• Cytokines. CORRECT ANSWER: Soluble factors that contribute to the regulation of
innate or adaptive resistance by affecting other neighboring cells. Can be pro-
inflammatory or anti-inflammatory. Can react quickly or be more delayed.
• Leukotrines. CORRECT ANSWER: Released when mast cells degranulate, prolong
the inflammatory process. Cause vasodilation, attract neutrophils, monocytes, and
eosinophils.target of inhibition for singular.
• Prostaglandins. CORRECT ANSWER: Released when mast cells degranulate, are
produced by the arachidonic pathway. Cause vasodilation, platelet aggregation at site of
injury, pain, and fever.
• Chemotactic factors. CORRECT ANSWER: Biochemical substance that attracts
leukocyte to the site of inflammation
• Neutrophils. CORRECT ANSWER: Predominant leukocyte at work during the early
stages of acute inflammation
• Monocytes. CORRECT ANSWER: Become macrophages when entering the tissue,
responsible for presenting antigens to the CD4 cell which triggers T-cell immunity and
B-cell immunity.
Releases additional cytokines IL1, IL6, TNF.
• Cytokine IL1 function. CORRECT ANSWER: Causes fever, activates phagocytes &
lymphocytes and also increases the release of IL6a
• Cytokine IL6 function. CORRECT ANSWER: Stimulates production of acute phase
reactants and promotes growth and stimulation of RBCs
• Cytokine TNF function. CORRECT ANSWER: Causes fever, increases synthesis of
proinflammatory proteins by liver, causes muscle wasting, induces thrombosis
• Cytokine growth factor function. CORRECT ANSWER: Promotes production and
maturation of neutrophils
, • Complement. CORRECT ANSWER: Functions include bacterial lysis, vasodilation and
increased vascular permeability, triggers mast cell degranulation, chemotaxis, and
opsonization.
• Kinin. CORRECT ANSWER: Converted to bradykinin which is responsible for pain and
chemotaxis, and it increases vascular permeability and vasodilation.
• Coagulation cascade. CORRECT ANSWER: Factor XII activates kinin. Function is to
form fibrin mesh to stop bleeding and trap micro organisms.
• COX1. CORRECT ANSWER: Prostaglandin of arachidonic pathway. Provides
gastroprotection, platelet aggregation, fluid/electrolyte balance
• COX2. CORRECT ANSWER: Prostaglandin of arachidonic pathway. Responsible for
pain, fever, renal protection, tissue repair, reproduction development.
• COX2 inhibitors- clinical implications. CORRECT ANSWER: Protect gastric mucosa-
prevent ulcers and bleeding. Removed from market r/t cardiac events except for
Celebrex. Can impair renal function , monitor labs.
• Arachidonic pathway purpose. CORRECT ANSWER: Synthesis of prostaglandins
• Non-selective NSAIDS. CORRECT ANSWER: Inhibit COX1 and COX2, risk for gastric
ulceration, GI bleeds, edema, renal impairment
• ASA. CORRECT ANSWER: Blocks COX1 and COX2, also inhibits Thromboxane A2
and prostaglandins
• Corticosteroids. CORRECT ANSWER: Inhibit phospholipase A2, preventing formation
of prostaglandins, thromboxane A2, prostacyclin, and leukotrines
• Thromboxane. CORRECT ANSWER: Vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation
• Prostacyclin. CORRECT ANSWER: Vasodilation, platelet aggregation (most effective
one)
• Type 1 hypersensitivity. CORRECT ANSWER: E. Immediate response to allergen,
food, meds, pollen, asthma, allergic reactions
P. IgE binds with antigen at 1st exposure. Antigen binds with this complex at 2nd
exposure. Inflammatory cascade initiates.
C.M. Urticaria, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, angioedema, anaphylaxis
• Atopic disorders. CORRECT ANSWER: Genetic Type 1 hypersensitivity, asthma, hay
fever, eczema, urticaria
Exam 2 Questions and Answers (2026) |
Review Pack | Real Exam Practice | A+
• Mast cell. CORRECT ANSWER: Cellular bags of granules located in loose connective
tisssue close to blood vessels. Activation initiates inflammatory process.
• Histamine. CORRECT ANSWER: Causes vasodilation, increases vascular
permeability, increases blood flow to the site of injury- causes erythema and swelling.
• Cytokines. CORRECT ANSWER: Soluble factors that contribute to the regulation of
innate or adaptive resistance by affecting other neighboring cells. Can be pro-
inflammatory or anti-inflammatory. Can react quickly or be more delayed.
• Leukotrines. CORRECT ANSWER: Released when mast cells degranulate, prolong
the inflammatory process. Cause vasodilation, attract neutrophils, monocytes, and
eosinophils.target of inhibition for singular.
• Prostaglandins. CORRECT ANSWER: Released when mast cells degranulate, are
produced by the arachidonic pathway. Cause vasodilation, platelet aggregation at site of
injury, pain, and fever.
• Chemotactic factors. CORRECT ANSWER: Biochemical substance that attracts
leukocyte to the site of inflammation
• Neutrophils. CORRECT ANSWER: Predominant leukocyte at work during the early
stages of acute inflammation
• Monocytes. CORRECT ANSWER: Become macrophages when entering the tissue,
responsible for presenting antigens to the CD4 cell which triggers T-cell immunity and
B-cell immunity.
Releases additional cytokines IL1, IL6, TNF.
• Cytokine IL1 function. CORRECT ANSWER: Causes fever, activates phagocytes &
lymphocytes and also increases the release of IL6a
• Cytokine IL6 function. CORRECT ANSWER: Stimulates production of acute phase
reactants and promotes growth and stimulation of RBCs
• Cytokine TNF function. CORRECT ANSWER: Causes fever, increases synthesis of
proinflammatory proteins by liver, causes muscle wasting, induces thrombosis
• Cytokine growth factor function. CORRECT ANSWER: Promotes production and
maturation of neutrophils
, • Complement. CORRECT ANSWER: Functions include bacterial lysis, vasodilation and
increased vascular permeability, triggers mast cell degranulation, chemotaxis, and
opsonization.
• Kinin. CORRECT ANSWER: Converted to bradykinin which is responsible for pain and
chemotaxis, and it increases vascular permeability and vasodilation.
• Coagulation cascade. CORRECT ANSWER: Factor XII activates kinin. Function is to
form fibrin mesh to stop bleeding and trap micro organisms.
• COX1. CORRECT ANSWER: Prostaglandin of arachidonic pathway. Provides
gastroprotection, platelet aggregation, fluid/electrolyte balance
• COX2. CORRECT ANSWER: Prostaglandin of arachidonic pathway. Responsible for
pain, fever, renal protection, tissue repair, reproduction development.
• COX2 inhibitors- clinical implications. CORRECT ANSWER: Protect gastric mucosa-
prevent ulcers and bleeding. Removed from market r/t cardiac events except for
Celebrex. Can impair renal function , monitor labs.
• Arachidonic pathway purpose. CORRECT ANSWER: Synthesis of prostaglandins
• Non-selective NSAIDS. CORRECT ANSWER: Inhibit COX1 and COX2, risk for gastric
ulceration, GI bleeds, edema, renal impairment
• ASA. CORRECT ANSWER: Blocks COX1 and COX2, also inhibits Thromboxane A2
and prostaglandins
• Corticosteroids. CORRECT ANSWER: Inhibit phospholipase A2, preventing formation
of prostaglandins, thromboxane A2, prostacyclin, and leukotrines
• Thromboxane. CORRECT ANSWER: Vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation
• Prostacyclin. CORRECT ANSWER: Vasodilation, platelet aggregation (most effective
one)
• Type 1 hypersensitivity. CORRECT ANSWER: E. Immediate response to allergen,
food, meds, pollen, asthma, allergic reactions
P. IgE binds with antigen at 1st exposure. Antigen binds with this complex at 2nd
exposure. Inflammatory cascade initiates.
C.M. Urticaria, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, angioedema, anaphylaxis
• Atopic disorders. CORRECT ANSWER: Genetic Type 1 hypersensitivity, asthma, hay
fever, eczema, urticaria
