NSG 530 Advanced Pathophysiology:
Exam 1 Complete Exam Study Guide
with Expert Graded A+ Answers |
Guarantee Pass!
1. What are the properties of a eukaryotic cell - ANSWER • Well define
nucleus.
• cells are larger and have more extensive intracellular anatomy and
organization than do prokaryotes.
• cells bind with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and are involved in the
super coiling of DNA.
• cells have several chromosomes, protein production or synthesis
. it consists of three components: outer membrane called plasma membrane, a
fluid filling called cytoplasm, and the intra cellular organs or organelles
2. How do cells communicate with each other and the environment outside the
cell - ANSWER Cells communicate by using hundreds of signal molecules.
-they display plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules (receptor) that
affect the cell itself and other cells in direct physical contact
-they affect receptor proteins inside the target cell and the signal molecule has
to enter the cell to bind to them
-they form protein channels (gap juctions) that directly coordinate the activities
of adjacent cells.
3. responsable for cellular respiration and energy production - ANSWER
mitocondria
,4. second messenger - ANSWER are molecules that relay signals received at
receptors on the cell surface are generated in large numbers when the
membrane bound enzyme is activated, and they then rapidly diffuse away
from their source, broadcasting the signal throughout the cell. The two major
pathways are cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP, CAMP) and Ca.
• a signal molecule such as epinephrine binds to a cell surface receptor,
it activate a G protein inside the cell
• The G protein stimulates adenylyl cyclase to produce large amounts of
cyclic AMP from ATP
• Then cAMP binds to and activate a target protein such as a-kinase
which adds phosphate to specific protein within the cell
5. How does oxidative phosphorylation work? - ANSWER Occurs in the
mitochondria and is the mechanism by which the energy produce from
cahydrates, fats, and proteins is transferred to ATP. The process by which
ATP is formed
6. : is the passive movement of a solute from an area of higher solute
concentration to an area of lower solute concentration. - ANSWER
diffusion
7. is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region
of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration. -
ANSWER Osmosis
8. is the mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes -
ANSWER Hydrostatic pressure
9. requires metabolic energy (ATP) to move molecules against the
concentration gradient - ANSWER active transport
,10.is also called facilitated diffusion. It does not require the expenditure of
metabolic energy. - ANSWER passive transport
11.The overall osmotic effect of colloids, such as plasma proteins. Results from
the attraction of fluid by free protein. - ANSWER oncotic
12.Where do you see edema, or low albumin in these processes (what's in play).
- ANSWER One of the functions of albumin is to maintain intravascular
oncotic. In a healthy person with normal nutrition, the liver will produce
additional albumin to normalize the level. Very low levels can lead to
swelling in the ankles (edema), as well as fluid accumulating in the abdomen
(ascites), and in the lungs (pulmonary edema)
Decreased plasma oncotic pressure: results from loss or diminished production
of plasma albumin. Decreased oncotic attraction of fluid within the capillary
causes fluid to move into the interstitial space, resulting in edema. Decreased
synthesis of plasma protein and decreased oncotic pressure may occur with liver
disease or protein malnutrition.
Increased capillary permeability occurs due to burns or crushing injuries.
Edema is often very severe because of loss of proteins from the vascular space,
which decreases capillary oncotic pressure and increases interstitial oncotic
pressure.
Lymphatic obstruction: proteins and fluids are not reabsorbed and accumulate
in the interstitial space and cause lymphedema.
13.they provide sites for cellular protein synthesis - ANSWER ribosome
14.is the largest membrane bound organelle and is usually found in the cell
center, main function is cell division and control of genetic information -
ANSWER nucleus
, 15.is a small dense structure composed largely of RNA and combine it with
proteins - ANSWER nucleolus
16.are saclike structures that originate from the golgi complex and contain
digestive enzymes - ANSWER lysosomes
17.specializes in the synthesis and transport of the protein and lipid components
of most of the cells organelles - ANSWER endoplasmic reticulum
18.proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum are processed and packaged into
small membrane - ANSWER Golgi apparatus or complex
19.membrane organelles that contain several oxidative enzymes such as
catalase and urate oxidase. those enzymes use oxygen to remove hydrogen
in an oxidative reaction that produces hydrogen peroxide. - ANSWER
peroxisomes
20.it is the gelatinous, semiliquid portion of the cytoplasm. functions include:
intermediary metabolism involving enzymatic biochemical reactions;
ribosomal protein synthesis and storage of carbohydrates, fat and secretory
vesicles - ANSWER cytosol
21.maintains the cell's shape and internal organization - ANSWER
cytoskeleton
22.cells secrete local chemical mediators that are quickly absorbed, destroyed
and immobilized. - ANSWER paracrine
Exam 1 Complete Exam Study Guide
with Expert Graded A+ Answers |
Guarantee Pass!
1. What are the properties of a eukaryotic cell - ANSWER • Well define
nucleus.
• cells are larger and have more extensive intracellular anatomy and
organization than do prokaryotes.
• cells bind with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and are involved in the
super coiling of DNA.
• cells have several chromosomes, protein production or synthesis
. it consists of three components: outer membrane called plasma membrane, a
fluid filling called cytoplasm, and the intra cellular organs or organelles
2. How do cells communicate with each other and the environment outside the
cell - ANSWER Cells communicate by using hundreds of signal molecules.
-they display plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules (receptor) that
affect the cell itself and other cells in direct physical contact
-they affect receptor proteins inside the target cell and the signal molecule has
to enter the cell to bind to them
-they form protein channels (gap juctions) that directly coordinate the activities
of adjacent cells.
3. responsable for cellular respiration and energy production - ANSWER
mitocondria
,4. second messenger - ANSWER are molecules that relay signals received at
receptors on the cell surface are generated in large numbers when the
membrane bound enzyme is activated, and they then rapidly diffuse away
from their source, broadcasting the signal throughout the cell. The two major
pathways are cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP, CAMP) and Ca.
• a signal molecule such as epinephrine binds to a cell surface receptor,
it activate a G protein inside the cell
• The G protein stimulates adenylyl cyclase to produce large amounts of
cyclic AMP from ATP
• Then cAMP binds to and activate a target protein such as a-kinase
which adds phosphate to specific protein within the cell
5. How does oxidative phosphorylation work? - ANSWER Occurs in the
mitochondria and is the mechanism by which the energy produce from
cahydrates, fats, and proteins is transferred to ATP. The process by which
ATP is formed
6. : is the passive movement of a solute from an area of higher solute
concentration to an area of lower solute concentration. - ANSWER
diffusion
7. is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region
of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration. -
ANSWER Osmosis
8. is the mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes -
ANSWER Hydrostatic pressure
9. requires metabolic energy (ATP) to move molecules against the
concentration gradient - ANSWER active transport
,10.is also called facilitated diffusion. It does not require the expenditure of
metabolic energy. - ANSWER passive transport
11.The overall osmotic effect of colloids, such as plasma proteins. Results from
the attraction of fluid by free protein. - ANSWER oncotic
12.Where do you see edema, or low albumin in these processes (what's in play).
- ANSWER One of the functions of albumin is to maintain intravascular
oncotic. In a healthy person with normal nutrition, the liver will produce
additional albumin to normalize the level. Very low levels can lead to
swelling in the ankles (edema), as well as fluid accumulating in the abdomen
(ascites), and in the lungs (pulmonary edema)
Decreased plasma oncotic pressure: results from loss or diminished production
of plasma albumin. Decreased oncotic attraction of fluid within the capillary
causes fluid to move into the interstitial space, resulting in edema. Decreased
synthesis of plasma protein and decreased oncotic pressure may occur with liver
disease or protein malnutrition.
Increased capillary permeability occurs due to burns or crushing injuries.
Edema is often very severe because of loss of proteins from the vascular space,
which decreases capillary oncotic pressure and increases interstitial oncotic
pressure.
Lymphatic obstruction: proteins and fluids are not reabsorbed and accumulate
in the interstitial space and cause lymphedema.
13.they provide sites for cellular protein synthesis - ANSWER ribosome
14.is the largest membrane bound organelle and is usually found in the cell
center, main function is cell division and control of genetic information -
ANSWER nucleus
, 15.is a small dense structure composed largely of RNA and combine it with
proteins - ANSWER nucleolus
16.are saclike structures that originate from the golgi complex and contain
digestive enzymes - ANSWER lysosomes
17.specializes in the synthesis and transport of the protein and lipid components
of most of the cells organelles - ANSWER endoplasmic reticulum
18.proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum are processed and packaged into
small membrane - ANSWER Golgi apparatus or complex
19.membrane organelles that contain several oxidative enzymes such as
catalase and urate oxidase. those enzymes use oxygen to remove hydrogen
in an oxidative reaction that produces hydrogen peroxide. - ANSWER
peroxisomes
20.it is the gelatinous, semiliquid portion of the cytoplasm. functions include:
intermediary metabolism involving enzymatic biochemical reactions;
ribosomal protein synthesis and storage of carbohydrates, fat and secretory
vesicles - ANSWER cytosol
21.maintains the cell's shape and internal organization - ANSWER
cytoskeleton
22.cells secrete local chemical mediators that are quickly absorbed, destroyed
and immobilized. - ANSWER paracrine
