ISC Class 11 Physics - Units & Measurements
Formula Sheet
1. Speed
v = Distance / Time
2. Velocity
v = Displacement / Time
3. Acceleration
a = (v-u)/t
4. Density
ρ = m/V
5. Least Count (Vernier Calipers)
LC = 1 MSD − 1 VSD = (Value of 1 MSD)/(Number of Vernier Divisions)
6. Least Count (Screw Gauge)
LC = Pitch / Number of Circular Scale Divisions
7. Observed Reading
Observed Reading = Main Scale Reading + (Circular/Vernier Scale Reading × Least Count)
8. Correct Reading
Correct Reading = Observed Reading ± Zero Correction
9. Absolute Error
∆A = |Measured Value − True Value|
10. Mean Absolute Error
∆A■ = (Σ Absolute Errors)/n
11. Relative Error
Relative Error = ∆A■ / Mean Value
12. Percentage Error
% Error = (Relative Error) × 100
13. Fractional Error Rules
Addition/Subtraction: Absolute errors add.
Multiplication/Division: Fractional errors add.
Power n: Fractional error = n × fractional error.
14. Common Dimensional Formulae
Velocity = [LT^-1]
Acceleration = [LT^-2]
Force = [MLT^-2]
Momentum = [MLT^-1]
Work/Energy = [ML^2T^-2]
Power = [ML^2T^-3]
Pressure = [ML^-1T^-2]
Density = [ML^-3]
Formula Sheet
1. Speed
v = Distance / Time
2. Velocity
v = Displacement / Time
3. Acceleration
a = (v-u)/t
4. Density
ρ = m/V
5. Least Count (Vernier Calipers)
LC = 1 MSD − 1 VSD = (Value of 1 MSD)/(Number of Vernier Divisions)
6. Least Count (Screw Gauge)
LC = Pitch / Number of Circular Scale Divisions
7. Observed Reading
Observed Reading = Main Scale Reading + (Circular/Vernier Scale Reading × Least Count)
8. Correct Reading
Correct Reading = Observed Reading ± Zero Correction
9. Absolute Error
∆A = |Measured Value − True Value|
10. Mean Absolute Error
∆A■ = (Σ Absolute Errors)/n
11. Relative Error
Relative Error = ∆A■ / Mean Value
12. Percentage Error
% Error = (Relative Error) × 100
13. Fractional Error Rules
Addition/Subtraction: Absolute errors add.
Multiplication/Division: Fractional errors add.
Power n: Fractional error = n × fractional error.
14. Common Dimensional Formulae
Velocity = [LT^-1]
Acceleration = [LT^-2]
Force = [MLT^-2]
Momentum = [MLT^-1]
Work/Energy = [ML^2T^-2]
Power = [ML^2T^-3]
Pressure = [ML^-1T^-2]
Density = [ML^-3]