BIOS 252 MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE
Chapter 10. Muscular Tissue
Location Appearance Control
Skeletal Skeleton Multi-nucleated Voluntary
Striated
Cardiac Heart One nucleus Involuntary
Striated
Smooth Various One nucleus Involuntary
No striations
Sliding filament theory of muscular contraction:
, During muscular contraction:
- Z discs are pulled toward the M line
- A band stays the same
- H zone decreases
- Zone of overlap increases
- I band (thin) decreases in size
Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter used for muscular contraction.
Endomysium
wraps around each fiber
Perimysium
holds the fascicle together
Epimysium
outermost layer
The two other things necessary for muscular
contraction are calcium ions and ATP
Calcium ions are stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Calcium ions are released from the terminal cisterns
Muscle Metabolism
Three ways that ATP is generated:
Creatine phosphate Molecule reacts with ATP to 15 seconds
form creatine phosphate and
ADP. Fast and first method used
Anaerobic glycolysis Without oxygen, uses glycolysis 2 minutes
to produce 2 ATP. Later
becomes lactic acid.
Aerobic respiration In the presence of oxygen Several minutes - hours
Twitch Contraction:
Brief contraction of all the muscle fibers in a motor unit in response to a single act ion pote nt ial.
Latent period Gap when the stimulus occurs, and the muscle starts to react . Act io n pote nt ial
is moving over the sarcolemma. Calcium is beginning to get released from
terminal cisterns.
Chapter 10. Muscular Tissue
Location Appearance Control
Skeletal Skeleton Multi-nucleated Voluntary
Striated
Cardiac Heart One nucleus Involuntary
Striated
Smooth Various One nucleus Involuntary
No striations
Sliding filament theory of muscular contraction:
, During muscular contraction:
- Z discs are pulled toward the M line
- A band stays the same
- H zone decreases
- Zone of overlap increases
- I band (thin) decreases in size
Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter used for muscular contraction.
Endomysium
wraps around each fiber
Perimysium
holds the fascicle together
Epimysium
outermost layer
The two other things necessary for muscular
contraction are calcium ions and ATP
Calcium ions are stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Calcium ions are released from the terminal cisterns
Muscle Metabolism
Three ways that ATP is generated:
Creatine phosphate Molecule reacts with ATP to 15 seconds
form creatine phosphate and
ADP. Fast and first method used
Anaerobic glycolysis Without oxygen, uses glycolysis 2 minutes
to produce 2 ATP. Later
becomes lactic acid.
Aerobic respiration In the presence of oxygen Several minutes - hours
Twitch Contraction:
Brief contraction of all the muscle fibers in a motor unit in response to a single act ion pote nt ial.
Latent period Gap when the stimulus occurs, and the muscle starts to react . Act io n pote nt ial
is moving over the sarcolemma. Calcium is beginning to get released from
terminal cisterns.
