BIOS 256 A&P 4 WEEK 1 STUDY GUIDE
1.Peritoneum
A. The peritoneum is the largest serous membrane of the body.
1. The parietal peritoneum lines the wall of the abdominal cavity.
2. The visceral peritoneum covers some of the organs and
constitutes their serosa.
3. The potential space between the parietal and visceral portions of
the peritoneum is called the peritoneal cavity and contains
serous fluid (Figure 24.5a).
B. Some organs, such as the kidneys and pancreas ascending and
descending colon and duodenum, lie on the posterior abdominal wall
behind the peritoneum and are called retroperitoneal.
C. The peritoneum contains large folds that weave between the viscera,
functioning to support organs and to contain blood vessels, lymphatic
vessels, and nerves of the abdominal organs.
D. Extensions of the peritoneum include :
the mesentery= fan-shaped binds jejunum and ileum of S.I. to posterior
abdominal wall
mesocolon= binds transverse colon and sigmoid colon to posterior
abdominal wall
falciform ligament= attaches liver to anterior wall and diaphram,
lesser omentum= connects stomach and duodenum to liver,
greater omentum (longest) drapes overs transverse colon and coils of
small intestines
Peritonitis is an acute inflammation of the peritoneum. (Clinical Connection)
, 2.Nervous System
1.ENS
1. Submucosal plexus (Plexus of Meissner) – Regulates movements of
mucosa, vasoconstriction, innervates secretory cells of mucosal glands
2. Myenteric plexus (plexus of Auerbach)- mostly controls GI tract
motility
3. Spincters
the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) (e-sof′-a-JĒ-al), which consists of skeletal
muscle, =The upper esophageal sphincter regulates the movement of food from the
pharynx into the esophagus
(Once the upper esophageal sphincter relaxes, the bolus moves into the esophagus.)
lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter (LES), which consists of smooth muscle
and is near the heart.; the lower esophageal sphincter regulates the movement of
food from the esophagus into the stomach.
The passage of pancreatic juice and bile through the hepatopancreatic ampulla into
the duodenum of the small intestine is regulated by a mass of smooth muscle
surrounding the ampulla known as the sphincter of the hepatopancreatic
ampulla, or sphincter of Oddi
the ileum joins the large intestine at a smooth muscle sphincter called the ileocecal
sphincter (valve)
Pyloric sphincter Opens to permit passage of chyme into duodenum
external anal sphincter, which permits voluntary control of defecation
internal anal sphincter of smooth muscle (involuntary)
4.Layers of GI tract
1.mucosa
-consists of:
1.Peritoneum
A. The peritoneum is the largest serous membrane of the body.
1. The parietal peritoneum lines the wall of the abdominal cavity.
2. The visceral peritoneum covers some of the organs and
constitutes their serosa.
3. The potential space between the parietal and visceral portions of
the peritoneum is called the peritoneal cavity and contains
serous fluid (Figure 24.5a).
B. Some organs, such as the kidneys and pancreas ascending and
descending colon and duodenum, lie on the posterior abdominal wall
behind the peritoneum and are called retroperitoneal.
C. The peritoneum contains large folds that weave between the viscera,
functioning to support organs and to contain blood vessels, lymphatic
vessels, and nerves of the abdominal organs.
D. Extensions of the peritoneum include :
the mesentery= fan-shaped binds jejunum and ileum of S.I. to posterior
abdominal wall
mesocolon= binds transverse colon and sigmoid colon to posterior
abdominal wall
falciform ligament= attaches liver to anterior wall and diaphram,
lesser omentum= connects stomach and duodenum to liver,
greater omentum (longest) drapes overs transverse colon and coils of
small intestines
Peritonitis is an acute inflammation of the peritoneum. (Clinical Connection)
, 2.Nervous System
1.ENS
1. Submucosal plexus (Plexus of Meissner) – Regulates movements of
mucosa, vasoconstriction, innervates secretory cells of mucosal glands
2. Myenteric plexus (plexus of Auerbach)- mostly controls GI tract
motility
3. Spincters
the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) (e-sof′-a-JĒ-al), which consists of skeletal
muscle, =The upper esophageal sphincter regulates the movement of food from the
pharynx into the esophagus
(Once the upper esophageal sphincter relaxes, the bolus moves into the esophagus.)
lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter (LES), which consists of smooth muscle
and is near the heart.; the lower esophageal sphincter regulates the movement of
food from the esophagus into the stomach.
The passage of pancreatic juice and bile through the hepatopancreatic ampulla into
the duodenum of the small intestine is regulated by a mass of smooth muscle
surrounding the ampulla known as the sphincter of the hepatopancreatic
ampulla, or sphincter of Oddi
the ileum joins the large intestine at a smooth muscle sphincter called the ileocecal
sphincter (valve)
Pyloric sphincter Opens to permit passage of chyme into duodenum
external anal sphincter, which permits voluntary control of defecation
internal anal sphincter of smooth muscle (involuntary)
4.Layers of GI tract
1.mucosa
-consists of:
