BIO 151 TEST PAPER COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND ACCURATE ANSWERS
PREMIUM REVIEW SHEET
●● Tissue types and purpose
Answer: 1. Epithelial tissue: Serves essential functions such as
protection, secretion, absorption, and sensation. Ex. covers our bodies
surfaces
2. Connective: Provides structural support, connects and separates
tissues, protects organs, facilitates nutrient and waste transportation in
body. Ex. fat, bone, cartilage, etc.
3. Nervous tissue: to detect, transmit, and process signals, enabling
communication throughout the body. Ex. specialized cells, nerves
4. Muscle tissue: Plays role in movement, maintaining posture,
stabilizing joints, and heat. Ex. skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
●● Negative feedback system
Answer: How homeostasis works: a response opposes the stimulus,
leading to a stable state. Ex. Body is cold, muscles shiver to warm the
body.
●● Bulk transport
,Answer: The human body also circumvents diffusion resrteictions by use
of a high ratio of surface area to volume in lung tissue and by bulk
transport
●● Form follows function
Answer: A cell, tissue, organ's form will give insight to its function. The
form or shape of a structure within an organism is correlated to the
purpose or function of that structure
●● Brain and nervous system overview
Answer: Allows an animal to sense and respond to the environment,
coordinate the action of muscles, and control the internal function of its
body
2. Nerve cells, or neurons are the basic functional units of nervous
system.
3. A nervous system function is fundamental to homeostasis, the ability
of animals, organs, and cells to actively regulate and maintain a stable
internal state.
●● How neurons work Finish later, second lecture slide 9
Answer: 1. Neurons share a common organization and are highly
specialized
2.A cell body from which emerges two kinds of fiber-like extensions, the
dendrites and axons
-These extensions are the input and output ends of the nerve cell
,-Both types of cellular extensions can be highly branched, which enables
neurons to communicate over large distance with many other cells
3.The end of each axon forms a swelling called the axon terminal, which
communicates with a neighboring cell through a junction called a
synapse.
4. A space, the synaptic cleft, separates the end of the axon of the
presynaptic cell and the neighboring postsynaptic cell
5. Molecules, called neurotransmitters convey the signal from the end of
the axon to the postsynaptic target cell.
●● Neurons shape relating to its function
Answer: The neurons shape allows for messages to be sent very quickly
and having multiple branches of axons and dendrites allow for more than
one message to be sent and received.
●● Charges/ions inside and outside a neuron
Answer: Neuron at rest has more cations outside than inside, more
anions inside than outside
1. Na+ has a higher concentration outside than inside
2. K+ has a higher concentration inside than outside
3. Cl- has a higher concetration outside than inside
4. Ca+2 has a higher concentration outside than inside.
5. Organic anions have a higher concentation inside than outside
, ●● Membrane potential (probably add more, look at LLOs
Answer: Definition: The charge difference of a neuron is due to
difference in charged ions between the inside and outside of the cell.
Resting potential is -70mV
-Both leak channels and Na/K pump are what maintain the neuron at
rest.,
●● Action potential
Answer: A rapid, short-lasting rise and fall in membrane potential
1. Rest
2. Threshold
3. depolarization (-55mV)
4. Repolarization
5. Hyperpolarization
Depolarization is the increase in membrane potential, and if excitatory
signal is strong enough, it starts firing an action potential. The critical
depolarization voltage of -55 mV required for an action potential is the
cell's threshold potential. In response, voltage gated ion channels open
and close in response to changes in membrane potential. The falling
phase, Repolarization occurs when voltage gated ion channels become
inactivated via their inactivation gates. Voltage gated K+ channels open.
When voltage falls below resting, this is hyperpolarization. Na leak
channel allows for na ions to restore resting potential. The period during
which the neuron is incapable of firing another action potential is the
refractory period.
QUESTIONS AND ACCURATE ANSWERS
PREMIUM REVIEW SHEET
●● Tissue types and purpose
Answer: 1. Epithelial tissue: Serves essential functions such as
protection, secretion, absorption, and sensation. Ex. covers our bodies
surfaces
2. Connective: Provides structural support, connects and separates
tissues, protects organs, facilitates nutrient and waste transportation in
body. Ex. fat, bone, cartilage, etc.
3. Nervous tissue: to detect, transmit, and process signals, enabling
communication throughout the body. Ex. specialized cells, nerves
4. Muscle tissue: Plays role in movement, maintaining posture,
stabilizing joints, and heat. Ex. skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
●● Negative feedback system
Answer: How homeostasis works: a response opposes the stimulus,
leading to a stable state. Ex. Body is cold, muscles shiver to warm the
body.
●● Bulk transport
,Answer: The human body also circumvents diffusion resrteictions by use
of a high ratio of surface area to volume in lung tissue and by bulk
transport
●● Form follows function
Answer: A cell, tissue, organ's form will give insight to its function. The
form or shape of a structure within an organism is correlated to the
purpose or function of that structure
●● Brain and nervous system overview
Answer: Allows an animal to sense and respond to the environment,
coordinate the action of muscles, and control the internal function of its
body
2. Nerve cells, or neurons are the basic functional units of nervous
system.
3. A nervous system function is fundamental to homeostasis, the ability
of animals, organs, and cells to actively regulate and maintain a stable
internal state.
●● How neurons work Finish later, second lecture slide 9
Answer: 1. Neurons share a common organization and are highly
specialized
2.A cell body from which emerges two kinds of fiber-like extensions, the
dendrites and axons
-These extensions are the input and output ends of the nerve cell
,-Both types of cellular extensions can be highly branched, which enables
neurons to communicate over large distance with many other cells
3.The end of each axon forms a swelling called the axon terminal, which
communicates with a neighboring cell through a junction called a
synapse.
4. A space, the synaptic cleft, separates the end of the axon of the
presynaptic cell and the neighboring postsynaptic cell
5. Molecules, called neurotransmitters convey the signal from the end of
the axon to the postsynaptic target cell.
●● Neurons shape relating to its function
Answer: The neurons shape allows for messages to be sent very quickly
and having multiple branches of axons and dendrites allow for more than
one message to be sent and received.
●● Charges/ions inside and outside a neuron
Answer: Neuron at rest has more cations outside than inside, more
anions inside than outside
1. Na+ has a higher concentration outside than inside
2. K+ has a higher concentration inside than outside
3. Cl- has a higher concetration outside than inside
4. Ca+2 has a higher concentration outside than inside.
5. Organic anions have a higher concentation inside than outside
, ●● Membrane potential (probably add more, look at LLOs
Answer: Definition: The charge difference of a neuron is due to
difference in charged ions between the inside and outside of the cell.
Resting potential is -70mV
-Both leak channels and Na/K pump are what maintain the neuron at
rest.,
●● Action potential
Answer: A rapid, short-lasting rise and fall in membrane potential
1. Rest
2. Threshold
3. depolarization (-55mV)
4. Repolarization
5. Hyperpolarization
Depolarization is the increase in membrane potential, and if excitatory
signal is strong enough, it starts firing an action potential. The critical
depolarization voltage of -55 mV required for an action potential is the
cell's threshold potential. In response, voltage gated ion channels open
and close in response to changes in membrane potential. The falling
phase, Repolarization occurs when voltage gated ion channels become
inactivated via their inactivation gates. Voltage gated K+ channels open.
When voltage falls below resting, this is hyperpolarization. Na leak
channel allows for na ions to restore resting potential. The period during
which the neuron is incapable of firing another action potential is the
refractory period.
