NST1501
ASSIGNMENT 02
UNIQUE NO:
STUDENT NO:
STUDENT:
, Question 1
1.1 Describe the characteristics of Kingdom Protista, Plantae, Fungi and Animalia.
• Characteristics of Kingdom Protista:
• Protista are eukaryotic organisms that have cells with nuclei but are not an
animal, plant or fungus.
• Protista do not form a natural group, or colony.
• They are composed of organisms which are unicellular or unicellular-
colonial and which form no tissues.
• They may reproduce through asexual means, be autotrophs or
heterotrophs.
• Protista are diverse. They include organisms such as seaweeds, diatoms,
amoebas, disease-causing organisms such as plasmodium, which causes
malaria.
• Characteristics of Kingdom Plantae:
• They are non-motile.
• They usually reproduce sexually.
• They are multicellular eukaryotes with cell wall and vacuoles.
• They contain photosynthetic pigments called chlorophyll in the plastids.
• They have different organelles for anchorage, reproduction, support and
photosynthesis.
• Characteristics of Kingdom Fungi:
• Fungi are eukaryotic, and heterotrophic organisms.
• They reproduce by mean of spores.
• Fungi stores their food by means of starch.
• During mitosis, the nuclear envelope is not dissolved.
• Fungi produce a chemical called pheromone which leads to sexual
reproduction in fungi.
, • Characteristics of Kingdom Animalia:
• Kingdom Animalia is made up of all animals. It is the largest kingdom
among the five kingdoms.
• Animals are multicellular eukaryotes.
• The members of the animal kingdom have a heterotrophic mode of
nutrition.
• The gametes are the haploid stage of the life cycle.
• Kingdom Animalia us further divided into smaller evolutionary groups such
as Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda and
Chordata.
1.2 Discuss the Domains of Life: Bacteria and Archaea.
• Bacteria:
They are single-celled organisms that usually live in a diverse
environment. Bacterial DNA called the nucleoid are a twisted thread-like
mass that flows free. They even possess a cellular structure that executes
a range of circular functions that involves the transfer of energy to the
transportation of proteins. Bacteria consist of plasmids which are a circular
piece of DNA.
The Bacterial cells consists of the inner cell membrane and an outer cell
wall. Whereas some of the bacteria do not possess cell wall such as
mycoplasmas. In some cases, bacteria may consist of a third protective
outer layer in a cell called a capsule. Some bacteria are autotrophs which
means they photosynthesize. Others are heterotrophs which means they
cannot photosynthesize.
Bacteria reproduce asexually by dividing, but most occasionally exchange
some genetic material. Bacteria vary in shape and some have flagella for
locomotion.
• Archaea:
Archaea are not bacteria. They are single-celled organisms that comprise
cells with distinct properties that make them unique from the other two
domains of life, namely eukaryote and bacteria.
The archaea are further divided into multiple recognized phyla. The
classification is difficult because the majority has not been isolated in the
laboratory and have only been detected by analysis of their nucleic acids
in samples from their environment.
They use numerous sources of energy and display a diverse group of
chemical reactions in metabolism. Based on their reactions, they are
categorized into nutritional groups. That is either dependent on carbon
sources and energy.
ASSIGNMENT 02
UNIQUE NO:
STUDENT NO:
STUDENT:
, Question 1
1.1 Describe the characteristics of Kingdom Protista, Plantae, Fungi and Animalia.
• Characteristics of Kingdom Protista:
• Protista are eukaryotic organisms that have cells with nuclei but are not an
animal, plant or fungus.
• Protista do not form a natural group, or colony.
• They are composed of organisms which are unicellular or unicellular-
colonial and which form no tissues.
• They may reproduce through asexual means, be autotrophs or
heterotrophs.
• Protista are diverse. They include organisms such as seaweeds, diatoms,
amoebas, disease-causing organisms such as plasmodium, which causes
malaria.
• Characteristics of Kingdom Plantae:
• They are non-motile.
• They usually reproduce sexually.
• They are multicellular eukaryotes with cell wall and vacuoles.
• They contain photosynthetic pigments called chlorophyll in the plastids.
• They have different organelles for anchorage, reproduction, support and
photosynthesis.
• Characteristics of Kingdom Fungi:
• Fungi are eukaryotic, and heterotrophic organisms.
• They reproduce by mean of spores.
• Fungi stores their food by means of starch.
• During mitosis, the nuclear envelope is not dissolved.
• Fungi produce a chemical called pheromone which leads to sexual
reproduction in fungi.
, • Characteristics of Kingdom Animalia:
• Kingdom Animalia is made up of all animals. It is the largest kingdom
among the five kingdoms.
• Animals are multicellular eukaryotes.
• The members of the animal kingdom have a heterotrophic mode of
nutrition.
• The gametes are the haploid stage of the life cycle.
• Kingdom Animalia us further divided into smaller evolutionary groups such
as Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda and
Chordata.
1.2 Discuss the Domains of Life: Bacteria and Archaea.
• Bacteria:
They are single-celled organisms that usually live in a diverse
environment. Bacterial DNA called the nucleoid are a twisted thread-like
mass that flows free. They even possess a cellular structure that executes
a range of circular functions that involves the transfer of energy to the
transportation of proteins. Bacteria consist of plasmids which are a circular
piece of DNA.
The Bacterial cells consists of the inner cell membrane and an outer cell
wall. Whereas some of the bacteria do not possess cell wall such as
mycoplasmas. In some cases, bacteria may consist of a third protective
outer layer in a cell called a capsule. Some bacteria are autotrophs which
means they photosynthesize. Others are heterotrophs which means they
cannot photosynthesize.
Bacteria reproduce asexually by dividing, but most occasionally exchange
some genetic material. Bacteria vary in shape and some have flagella for
locomotion.
• Archaea:
Archaea are not bacteria. They are single-celled organisms that comprise
cells with distinct properties that make them unique from the other two
domains of life, namely eukaryote and bacteria.
The archaea are further divided into multiple recognized phyla. The
classification is difficult because the majority has not been isolated in the
laboratory and have only been detected by analysis of their nucleic acids
in samples from their environment.
They use numerous sources of energy and display a diverse group of
chemical reactions in metabolism. Based on their reactions, they are
categorized into nutritional groups. That is either dependent on carbon
sources and energy.
