MSN 570 AdvANced PAthoPhySiologyexAM lAteSt 2026 ActUAl
QUeStioNS ANd veriFied ANSWerS (lAteSt UPdAte) A+
grAde 100% gUArANtee veriFied By exPertS
Nephrotic syndrome - ANSWER-characterized by massive proteinuria caused by
glomerular damage. corticosteroids are the mainstay; Associated with
glomerulonephritis and with an immune response that is noninflammatory.
Glomerular Injury: Diffuse and Focal - ANSWER-Lesions that involve all or most (> 50%)
of the glomeruli (plural) are termed diffuse, and lesions that involve some (< 50%) of the
glomeruli are termed focal (e.g., focal segmental glomerulonephritis).
Glomerular injury: Global and Segmental - ANSWER-When a whole glomerulus
(singular) is affected, the lesion is termed global, and the lesion is considered
segmental if only a portion (< 50%) of the glomerulus is affected.
Glomerulonephritis - ANSWER-An inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli, and most
forms occur as a result of activation of immune mechanisms.
Nephritic syndrome - ANSWER-Associated with glomerulonephritis and an immune
response that is inflammatory. A key feature is the passage of leukocytes, red blood
cells, and plasma proteins which occur as a result of inflammation.
1.) LIMITED proteinuria 2.) Oliguria and Azotemia 3.) Salt retention -- periorbital edema
and hypertension(salt/fluid retention) 4.) RBC casts and dysmorphic RBCs in urine--
Immune Complex deposition activated Complement; C5a attracts neutrophils which
mediate the damage
Proliferative structural (histologic) descriptor - ANSWER-refers to an increase in
glomerular cells (e.g., mesangial, endothelial, basement membrane). In the extra
capillary space, this forms specific lesions that are termed crescents, which are made
of macrophages, fibroblasts, and other cells. These crescent cells accumulate in the
Bowman space and represent a rupture of the capsule.
, sclerosing structural (histologic) descriptor - ANSWER-refers to glomerular scar
formation, and when the scarring is between the glomerulus and tubules, it is referred
to as interstitial fibrosis.
necrotizing structural (histologic) descriptor - ANSWER-refers to cellular death.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy - ANSWER-A common, nonmalignant
enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs as men age, usually appearing by age 50.
Bladder cancer - ANSWER-cancerous tumor that arises from the cells lining the
bladder; major sign is hematuria
Diagnostic procedures for hydronephrosis - ANSWER-History
physical examination
urinalysis
renal ultrasound
CT
intravenous pyelogram
MRI.
Hydronephrosis - ANSWER-An abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of
one or both kidneys that occurs secondary to a disease.
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) - ANSWER-inherited disease in which sacs of fluid
called cysts develop in the kidneys
Renal cell carcinoma - ANSWER-cancerous tumor that arises from kidney tubule cells;
most frequently occurring kidney cancer in adults (most common in those 50-70 years
of age).
QUeStioNS ANd veriFied ANSWerS (lAteSt UPdAte) A+
grAde 100% gUArANtee veriFied By exPertS
Nephrotic syndrome - ANSWER-characterized by massive proteinuria caused by
glomerular damage. corticosteroids are the mainstay; Associated with
glomerulonephritis and with an immune response that is noninflammatory.
Glomerular Injury: Diffuse and Focal - ANSWER-Lesions that involve all or most (> 50%)
of the glomeruli (plural) are termed diffuse, and lesions that involve some (< 50%) of the
glomeruli are termed focal (e.g., focal segmental glomerulonephritis).
Glomerular injury: Global and Segmental - ANSWER-When a whole glomerulus
(singular) is affected, the lesion is termed global, and the lesion is considered
segmental if only a portion (< 50%) of the glomerulus is affected.
Glomerulonephritis - ANSWER-An inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli, and most
forms occur as a result of activation of immune mechanisms.
Nephritic syndrome - ANSWER-Associated with glomerulonephritis and an immune
response that is inflammatory. A key feature is the passage of leukocytes, red blood
cells, and plasma proteins which occur as a result of inflammation.
1.) LIMITED proteinuria 2.) Oliguria and Azotemia 3.) Salt retention -- periorbital edema
and hypertension(salt/fluid retention) 4.) RBC casts and dysmorphic RBCs in urine--
Immune Complex deposition activated Complement; C5a attracts neutrophils which
mediate the damage
Proliferative structural (histologic) descriptor - ANSWER-refers to an increase in
glomerular cells (e.g., mesangial, endothelial, basement membrane). In the extra
capillary space, this forms specific lesions that are termed crescents, which are made
of macrophages, fibroblasts, and other cells. These crescent cells accumulate in the
Bowman space and represent a rupture of the capsule.
, sclerosing structural (histologic) descriptor - ANSWER-refers to glomerular scar
formation, and when the scarring is between the glomerulus and tubules, it is referred
to as interstitial fibrosis.
necrotizing structural (histologic) descriptor - ANSWER-refers to cellular death.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy - ANSWER-A common, nonmalignant
enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs as men age, usually appearing by age 50.
Bladder cancer - ANSWER-cancerous tumor that arises from the cells lining the
bladder; major sign is hematuria
Diagnostic procedures for hydronephrosis - ANSWER-History
physical examination
urinalysis
renal ultrasound
CT
intravenous pyelogram
MRI.
Hydronephrosis - ANSWER-An abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of
one or both kidneys that occurs secondary to a disease.
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) - ANSWER-inherited disease in which sacs of fluid
called cysts develop in the kidneys
Renal cell carcinoma - ANSWER-cancerous tumor that arises from kidney tubule cells;
most frequently occurring kidney cancer in adults (most common in those 50-70 years
of age).
