CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY 5
BY LINDA MILLER ACTUAL TEST 2026 VERIFIED
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS COMPREHENSIVE
STUDY GUIDE
◉ Causes of immune deficiency.
Answer: AIDS, newborns, elderly, leukemia, lymphoma,
chemotherapy, radiation therapy
◉ nonspecific immunity (natural, innate).
Answer: the first line of defense. Many microorganisms are not able
to pass through this defense system and initiate an infection
◉ specific immunity (adaptive, acquired).
Answer: defense unique for each microbe
◉ immunologic memory is established by ______________ so that the
body is resistant to reinfection by the same microorganism.
Answer: specific immunity
◉ components of specific immunity
soluble factors-.
,Answer: found in the fluid portion of the blood, the plasma, or serum
◉ components of specific immunity
cellular elements-.
Answer: primarily white blood cells
◉ nonspecific immunity is present when.
Answer: at birth
◉ is previous exposure required to initiate a response when dealing
with nonspecific immunity.
Answer: no
◉ when dealing with nonspecific immunity repeated exposure.
Answer: does not increase responsiveness
◉ nonspecific immunity can be effective against many different
types of.
Answer: unlrelated organsims
◉ is lymphocyte activation required to initiate specific immunity.
Answer: no
,◉ components of nonspecific immunity include.
Answer: a. non-susceptibility f. phagocytosis
b. epithelial barriers g. acid pH of the stomach
c. antibacterial agents h. normal flora
d. inflammation i. cilia
e. complement j. fever
◉ species specificity.
Answer: some pathogens are species specific
◉ there are some ________ __________ between species.
Answer: physiologic differences (birds & body temp)
◉ Duffy negative RBCs, Fy (a- b-),.
Answer: are more resistant to infection with Plasmodium vivax
(malaria)
◉ sickle cell disease-.
Answer: more resistant to malaria
◉ three factors that may increase susceptibility to infection.
, Answer: age (newborns & elderly)
hormonal influences (diabetes, pregnancy)
malnourishment
◉ epithelial barrier skin.
Answer: forms a physical barrier against invasion, is the most
important non-specific, external defense
◉ mechanism of protection- desiccation(dryness).
Answer: inhibits moisture loving fungi
◉ mechanism of protection-desquamation (shedding).
Answer: the dead outer layer of skin is constantly being shed and
replaced so surface bacteria are eliminated
◉ mechanism of protection- a. fatty acids from sebaceous glands are.
Answer: bactericidal and fungicidal
◉ epithelial barrier- mucosal surfaces.
Answer: are protected by a viscous secretion called mucus
(glycoproteins & lipoproteins). Mucus prevents attachment of
microbes to living cells of the epithelium
BY LINDA MILLER ACTUAL TEST 2026 VERIFIED
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS COMPREHENSIVE
STUDY GUIDE
◉ Causes of immune deficiency.
Answer: AIDS, newborns, elderly, leukemia, lymphoma,
chemotherapy, radiation therapy
◉ nonspecific immunity (natural, innate).
Answer: the first line of defense. Many microorganisms are not able
to pass through this defense system and initiate an infection
◉ specific immunity (adaptive, acquired).
Answer: defense unique for each microbe
◉ immunologic memory is established by ______________ so that the
body is resistant to reinfection by the same microorganism.
Answer: specific immunity
◉ components of specific immunity
soluble factors-.
,Answer: found in the fluid portion of the blood, the plasma, or serum
◉ components of specific immunity
cellular elements-.
Answer: primarily white blood cells
◉ nonspecific immunity is present when.
Answer: at birth
◉ is previous exposure required to initiate a response when dealing
with nonspecific immunity.
Answer: no
◉ when dealing with nonspecific immunity repeated exposure.
Answer: does not increase responsiveness
◉ nonspecific immunity can be effective against many different
types of.
Answer: unlrelated organsims
◉ is lymphocyte activation required to initiate specific immunity.
Answer: no
,◉ components of nonspecific immunity include.
Answer: a. non-susceptibility f. phagocytosis
b. epithelial barriers g. acid pH of the stomach
c. antibacterial agents h. normal flora
d. inflammation i. cilia
e. complement j. fever
◉ species specificity.
Answer: some pathogens are species specific
◉ there are some ________ __________ between species.
Answer: physiologic differences (birds & body temp)
◉ Duffy negative RBCs, Fy (a- b-),.
Answer: are more resistant to infection with Plasmodium vivax
(malaria)
◉ sickle cell disease-.
Answer: more resistant to malaria
◉ three factors that may increase susceptibility to infection.
, Answer: age (newborns & elderly)
hormonal influences (diabetes, pregnancy)
malnourishment
◉ epithelial barrier skin.
Answer: forms a physical barrier against invasion, is the most
important non-specific, external defense
◉ mechanism of protection- desiccation(dryness).
Answer: inhibits moisture loving fungi
◉ mechanism of protection-desquamation (shedding).
Answer: the dead outer layer of skin is constantly being shed and
replaced so surface bacteria are eliminated
◉ mechanism of protection- a. fatty acids from sebaceous glands are.
Answer: bactericidal and fungicidal
◉ epithelial barrier- mucosal surfaces.
Answer: are protected by a viscous secretion called mucus
(glycoproteins & lipoproteins). Mucus prevents attachment of
microbes to living cells of the epithelium
