Summary Patho Final Review first part 1 .docx Patho Final Review: Tissue hypoxia (not enough oxygen): a condition known as shock -when the tissue isnt getting oxygen your body cant make ATP this is also known as anaerobic metabolism. Cell membrane: is a m

Patho Final Review:

Tissue hypoxia (not enough oxygen): a condition known as shock
-when the tissue isn’t getting oxygen your body can’t make
ATP
this is also known as anaerobic metabolism.

Cell membrane: is a made up of lipids and protein and is hydrophilic; inside is hydrophobic and
tends to repel water... when water gets through here by a transport mechanism: which are known
as

1. Passive (happen regardless)
-osmosis happens in passive this is when: water moves from higher grade of
concentration to a lower grade.
Whatever the salt level is sometimes is going to determine how much water movement
will be.
QUESTION: if I have an elevated sodium level what does that mean I have consumed …
potatoes chips. The water and blood in the cells is going to come out of the cells and go
into the blood stream causing dehydration. (this happens in the cells)
-LOW sodium will do the opposite which is causing the water to go into the cells causing
it to swell. CELLULAR EDEMA. In vital area will cause a huge problem esp. in the
skull it will run out of room.
2. Active

Things that create the movement of water
1. Oncotic pressure (helps pull into the cell)
2. Hydrostatic pressure (pushes the fluid out of the blood stream)
QUESTION: what else is there to help with excess fluid: the lymph tissue
The cells have
1. Electrolytes
2. Carb
3. Protein
4. Fat

Scenario: If I eat a bag of donuts what’s my blood sugar going to do? GO up
which stimulates my brain to releases more insulin. Bind with sugar and then can
cross the cell membrane.
SUGAR is out of the blood and now into the cells. INSULIN is now metabolized.

GLUCOSE AND ISNULIN = SYMPORT
SINGLE MOLECULE IN ONE DIRECTION= UNIPORT
SODIUM AND POTASSIUM CROSS in OPPOSITE DIREECTIONS=
ANTIPORT. - when this happens the cell membrane they repel each other that
creates energy. MUSCULES WILL CONTRACT WITH THIS.

, GENETICS

 NUCLEUS has DNA in it
Things can go wrong here at any given time.
 Were supposed to have 23 pairs of chromosomes;
 Female is XX
 Male is XY
1. Turners
2. Klinfleters
3. Down syndrome (common trisomy which is 21) moms over the age of
35 are most at risk. Because of the age of eggs.
 Three on each set is a triploid
 Four on each set is a tetraploid

ALTERED CELL BIOLOGY
-REVIEW TYPES OF INJURIES

ischemia: cell death and necrosis.(happens with heart attack)
Apoptosis: when cell death and gets replaced with new ones. (planned)

Genetic issues can cause a problem with getting cancer.

Sickle cell is something that is transferred genetically and is in your genetic
makeup.
Review : laceration, and abrasion

FLUIDS AND ELECTROLYTES:
ISTONIC: normal saline 0.9%
HYPTONIC:0.45%
HYPERTONIC: bigger than 0.9%
POTASSIUM: is important if its to low or too high
Too much potassium can cause arrhythmias

Blockage in the heart would cause your potassium to go up...
Causing hyperkalemia.

To many hydrogen ions in the blood= acidic

Carbonic acid h2co3(bicarb)
-if I am puking im hydrochloric acid; I become alkalotic. PH is elevated.

Lower PH causes pepsin to work ; pulls hydrogen out of the blood stream causing
bi carb to go up. Causing a alkaline base.

Alkaline ph>7.45
Acidosis ph<7.35